Master Sun was a military commander and strategist who served the lords of the state of Wu just prior to the onset of the Warring States period (c. fifth century BCE). Later generations of Chinese have regularly studied the Zhou dynasty for information regarding the origin of their civilization. [22] For example, Chinese philosopher Mencius (372289 BCE) acknowledged that King Wen of Zhou had ancestry from among the Xirong, as King Wen's descendants, the Zhou kings, claimed ancestry from the legendary cultural hero Hou Ji, who might be related to the Xirong through his mother Jiang Yuan;[23][24][25][26] additionally, the historical narrative and commentary work Zuo Tradition (late 4th-century BCE) mentioned that the baron of Li Rong (Chinese: ) (in today western China), after being defeated by Jin, married off his daughter Li Ji (Chinese: ; lit. The Zhou agreed that since worldly affairs were supposed to align with those of the heavens, the heavens conferred legitimate power on only one person, the Zhou ruler. Attending lords cemented their agreements by swearing oaths and drinking the blood of sacrificed animals. Although chariots had been introduced to China during the Shang dynasty from Central Asia, the Zhou period saw the first major use of chariots in battle. Legal. [35] When King You demoted and exiled his Jiang queen in favor of the beautiful commoner Bao Si, the disgraced queen's father the Marquis of Shen joined with Zeng and the Quanrong barbarians to sack Hao in 771 BC. This political theory, which is known as the. One description of an elite soldier states that he wears heavy armor, shoulders a large crossbow and fifty arrows, straps a halberd to his back, buckles a helmet to his head, and places a sword to his side.) This move marked the beginning of the Eastern Zhou (770 256 BCE). The first was Duke Huan of Qi [who-an of chee]. Those who belonged to it are Confuciansindividuals distinguished by their commitment to the ideas articulated by Confucius, classical learning, and the value they place on character and conduct as the key to a good society and political order. After he died, they passed on his teachings, and a school of thought emerged from his teachings known as Confucianism. It was technically the longest dynasty, though the Zhouhad effectively lost power by 770 BC. [2], China's first projects of hydraulic engineering were initiated during the Zhou dynasty, ultimately as a means to aid agricultural irrigation. At this point, the many lords had no intention of toppling the king; rather, seeing his military weakness, the most powerful ones stepped in to enforce order. The state theology of the Zhou dynasty used concepts from the Shang dynasty and mostly referred to the Shang god, Di, as Tian, a more distant and unknowable concept, yet one that anyone could utilize, the opposite view of the Shang's spirituality. All warfare is deception, Master Sun states. Upon being elected as their leader, the Zhou king conferred the title of hegemon. In addition, he insisted that such virtues as humanity are most fully demonstrated when individuals observe good etiquette. The Zhou heartland was the Wei River valley; this remained their primary base of power after conquering the Shang. Over the long course of this half millennium, Zhou nobility engaged in escalating warfare with each other over matters small and large. Feudalism is generally a political and economic system characterized by fragmented authority, a set of obligations (usually of a military nature) between lords and vassals, and grants of land (fiefs) by rulers in exchange for some type of service. Rather, they created a class of military commanders and specialists whose promotion was based on their ability to produce victories in the field. Daoists even entertained the idea that one could become immortal. Prior to the Warring States Period, Zhou kings were still accorded a level of respect, at least as symbols of unity and nominal heads of the Zhou feudal order. The partition of Jin in the mid-5th century BC initiated a second phase, the "Warring States". Chariot-riding kinsmen and a few thousand foot soldiers no longer met that requirement. In 1046, with three-hundred chariots and 45,000 foot soldiers equipped with bronze armor and pole-mounted dagger-axes, he met and decisively defeated the last Shang king and his army. But they fought even more fiercely. [46] At times, a vigorous duke would take power from his nobles and centralize the state. The Warring States Period started from 475 BC and ended in 221 BC. When King Ping was relocated to Luoyang, he ruled from a much smaller royal domain surrounded by approximately 150 feudal states and their lords. They presented a universe with multiple heavenly and hellish realms populated with divinities and demons. They did this by asserting that their moral superiority justified taking over Shang wealth and territories, and that heaven had imposed a moral mandate on them to replace the Shang and return good governance to the people.[38]. Hence, battles became increasingly bloody and bitter, and victory went to those kings who could field the most effective killing machines. He assumed the throne upon his fathers death and, in 1046, led three-hundred chariots and 45,000 foot soldiers equipped with bronze armor and pole-mounted dagger-axes to a location just outside the Shang capital, where he met with and decisively defeated the last Shang king and his army. The later Wei statesman Ximen Bao, who served Marquis Wen of Wei (445396 BC), was the first hydraulic engineer of China to have created a large irrigation canal system. According to one passage, a lord once asked one of Confuciuss students about his master, but the student fell silent. In later centuries, the Daoism of these early philosophers was taken in new directions. Two major philosophical traditions emerged to address these issues: Confucianism and Daoism. These nobles were allowed to rule their own lands hereditarily, so long as they observed certain obligations to their king. Lacquerware including gold and silver inlay became finely developed, and bronzework carried on from the great legacy of the Shang. Qin Emperor Hanwu, Tang Zong and Song Zu. All warfare is deception, Master Sun states. Their embryonic bureaucracies included such features as a system of official posts, salaries paid in grain and gifts, administrative codes, and methods for measuring a servants performance. Noble lords loved to demonstrate their prowess and raise their prestige through success in hunting and battling. Although (with the exception of a few works on silk) no painting survives from the Zhou, written descriptions of paintings evidence their themes, including figures, portraits, and historic scenes. They know the golden rule: what you would not want for yourself, he taught, do not do to others. (15.23) Confucius emphasized that a society cannot function if people are incapable of taking others perspectives and doing their best for them. Brashier writes in his book "Ancestral Memory in Early China" about the tsung-fa system of patrilineal primogeniture: "The greater lineage, if it has survived, is the direct succession from father to eldest son and is not defined via the collateral shifts of the lesser lineages. Because of this, the Zhou moved their capital city east to the North China Plain. Those who belonged to it are Confuciansindividuals distinguished by their commitment to the ideas articulated by Confucius, classical learning, and the value they place on character and conduct as the key to a good society and political order. A "King Hui" was declared, but his splinter state was fully removed by 249 BC. One of Emperor Wen's most prominent achievements was to create the imperial examination system to select talented individuals for bureaucratic positions. For this, Sunshu is credited as China's first hydraulic engineer. 1 These selections from the Analects are translated in De Bary and Bloom, ed., Sources of Chinese Tradition, Vol. In discussions that demarcate between trunk and collateral lines, the former is called a zong and the latter a zu, whereas the whole lineage is dubbed the shi. Here are a few of the important statements Confucius made, and what they meant: 1. [31][32][33] To maintain Zhou authority over its greatly expanded territory and prevent other revolts, he set up the fengjian system. Eventually, the noble lords of the most powerful states also declared themselves kings, and fought to gain control over all of China. Large bronzes were cast to commemorate these occasions (see Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). At their royal palaces, Zhou kings conducted ceremonies of investiture during which they sacrificed to Heaven and the spirits of deceased ancestors, held banquets, and then bestowed noble titles and grants of land upon members of the royal family and relatives by marriage. Lords of the seven most powerful states lost respect for the Zhou kings and even assumed the same title, thus claiming the right to unify all of China under their rule. These kinsmen took their families, contingents of soldiers, and emblems of nobility to the granted territory and set up palaces and ancestral temples in walled towns. Historians call this method of governing Zhou kinship feudalism. In return, the ruler was duty-bound to uphold heaven's principles of harmony and honor. Another was China's distinct class system, which lacked an organized clergy but saw Shang-descent yeomen become masters of ritual and ceremony, as well as astronomy, state affairs and ancient canons, known as ru (). Instead, he gained an avid following of 70 students, whom he accepted regardless of their social status. However, in the course of doing so, he reinterpreted the past and imbued the virtues he stressed with rich, new meanings. Zhou Dynasty Timeline. [39] As the Zhou emulated the Shang's large scale production of ceremonial bronzes, they developed an extensive system of bronze metalworking that required a large force of tribute labor. The king and his regent did so by implementing three policies. The Analects not only shows a serious and learned man, but also someone capable in archery and horsemanship, who loved music and ritual, and who untiringly traveled the feudal states in the hopes of serving in a lords retinue (see Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)). With King You dead, a conclave of nobles met at Shen and declared the Marquis's grandson King Ping. However, with the onset of the Warring States Period in the fifth century BCE, the level of violence was no longer contained by the hegemon system and codes of chivalry. To achieve these goals, techniques were developed, including special dietary regimens, yoga, Chinese boxing, meditation, and alchemy. Fngjin ( Chinese: ; lit. Decorum was important to Confucius. However, with the onset of the Warring States Period in the fifth century BCE, the level of violence was no longer contained by the hegemon system and codes of chivalry. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The Dong Zhou itself is often further subdivided into the Spring and Autumn (Chunqiu) period (770476 bce), when China consisted of many small squabbling states, and the Warring States (Zhanguo) period (475221 bce), when the small states consolidated into several larger units, which struggled with one another for mastery. [11] He even received sacrifice as a harvest god. These hereditary classes were similar to Western knights in status and breeding, but unlike the European equivalent, they were expected to be something of a scholar instead of a warrior. The remaining Ji family ruled Yan and Wei until 209 BC. Then, King Wu returned to his capital in the Wei River Valley, where he passed away in 1043 BCE. . The Shang dynasty had begun with wise and benevolent rulers, but later kings were cruel and incompetent, and failed to see to the well-being of their subjects. Peripheral territories developed local power and prestige on par with that of the Zhou. This manual of military strategy and tactics stresses the importance of formulating a strategy that ensures victory prior to any campaigning. In using this creed, the Zhou rulers had to acknowledge that any group of rulers, even they themselves, could be ousted if they lost the mandate of heaven because of improper practices. This practice was referred to as Two Kings, Three Reverences. Literature flourished with Confucius and other great Chinese philosophers. Stratagem is critical. If you lead the people by being rectified yourself, who will dare not be rectified? (12.17) Confucius believed that good governing flows from good men. Ebrey defines the descent-line system as follows: "A great line (ta-tsung) is the line of eldest sons continuing indefinitely from a founding ancestor. The Zhou dynasty also spans the period in which the written script evolved from the oracle script and bronze script into the seal script, and then finally into an almost-modern form with the use of an archaic clerical script that emerged during the late Warring States period. In 771 BCE, in what became a telling sign of weakness, the Zhou king was murdered and his young successor was compelled to relocate farther east, to a capital closer to the heart of the North China Plain. Under this system, it was the prerogative of spiritual authority to withdraw support from any wayward ruler and to find another, more worthy one. Han dynasty, Wade-Giles romanization Han, the second great imperial dynasty of China (206 bce-220 ce), after the Zhou dynasty (1046-256 bce). But it was his son King Wu (Martial King) who brought down the Shang Dynasty. His father died about the time Confucius was born, and he was raised by his mother, who also passed away when Confucius was young. 'enfeoffment and establishment') was a political ideology and governance system in ancient China, whose social structure formed a decentralized system of confederation -like government [1] based on the ruling class consisting of the Son of Heaven (king) and nobles, and the lower class consisting of . The Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Western Zhou (11th century BC to 771 BC) and the Eastern Zhou (770 BC - 221 BC). [9][10] Qi was a culture hero credited with surviving three abandonments by his mother and with greatly improving agriculture,[9] to the point where he was granted lordship over Tai, the surname Ji, and the title Houji "Lord of Millet", by the Emperor Shun. In 771 BCE, in what became a telling sign of weakness, the Zhou king was murdered and his young successor was compelled to relocate farther east, to a capital closer to the heart of the North China Plain. There were two principal reasons for this. It was not until the Dong Zhou and the classical age of Confucius and Laozi that unique local traditions became apparent. He held this title (duke) and fief (Qi) because his distant ancestor had served as a commander under King Wu during the Zhou founding. The establishment date of 1046 BC is supported by the XiaShangZhou Chronology Project and David Pankenier,[5] but David Nivison and Edward L. Shaughnessy date the establishment to 1045 BC.[6][7]. According to Nicholas Bodman, the Zhou appear to have spoken a language not basically different in vocabulary and syntax from that of the Shang;[16] a recent study by David McCraw, using lexical statistics, reached the same conclusion. This move marked the beginning of the Eastern Zhou (770 256 BCE). When did they finish building the Great Wall of China? Although Wu's early death left a young and inexperienced heir, the Duke of Zhou assisted his nephew King Cheng in consolidating royal power. These four emperors have made contributions in the long history of China. In contrast, the Legalists had no time for Confucian virtue and advocated a system of strict laws and harsh punishments. However, a rebellion broke out before the whole Shang territory could be consolidated by the Zhou. For example, a piece of land was divided into nine squares in the well-field system, with the grain from the middle square taken by the government and that of surrounding squares kept by individual farmers. The dynasty was founded by Liu . The Eastern Zhou, however, is also remembered as the golden age of Chinese philosophy: the Hundred Schools of Thought which flourished as rival lords patronized itinerant shi scholars is led by the example of Qi's Jixia Academy. Zhou kings remained there for the next five hundred years, during the period called the Eastern Zhou. 1: From Earliest Times to the Present, 44-63. The last Shang king, Shang Zhou, was a nasty sort of fellow, far different from his predecessor Cheng Tang. For a king, however, these men might become an obstacle or pose a threat because they held this land hereditarily. He was a cruel emperor that. Chinas three major pre-modern philosophical and religious traditions are Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism. Hence, it is hardly surprising that histories inform us that the many lords ceased to pay visits to the kings court. King Xuan fought the Quanrong nomads in vain. The two most important early books belonging to this tradition are: the Laozi (Old Master) and Zhuangzi (Master Zhuang). In matters of inheritance, the Zhou dynasty recognized only patrilineal primogeniture as legal. Second, Zhou kings were unable to impose their will on feuding feudal lords and were even defeated by them in several military campaigns. During the Western Zhou (1046 771 BCE), Zhou kings dispatched kinsmen to territories he granted to them (see Map \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Both the purpose and conduct of warfare changed. Second, Zhou kings were unable to impose their will on feuding feudal lords and were even defeated by them in several military campaigns. According to one passage, a lord once asked one of Confuciuss students about his master, but the student fell silent. Instead, this warrior nobility engaged in an escalating contest for power and prestige. Thus, a dynasty once sanctioned by Heaven had lost this sanction; now, Heaven had called upon Zhou rulers to overthrow the Shang dynasty and initiate a new era of just rule. Rather, the mind must be emptied out, calmed, and purified, until desires are absent and a primordial, natural condition is restored. The third policy was to dispatch royal kinsmen to strategically critical locations for the purpose of establishing colonies. The most famous of these was Confucius, who taught a system of mutual duty between superiors and inferiors. Again, these industries were dominated by the nobility who directed the production of such materials. Confucianism and Daoism were both responses to the crisis presented by the breakdown of the Zhou feudal order and escalating warfare in China. Second, they issued proclamations explaining to conquered peoples why they should accept Zhou rule. 2. Living in hovels and with little opportunity to leave their lords manors, these farmers were required to work his lands and also to submit a portion of the harvest from their own small farms. Zhou dynasty, Wade-Giles romanization Chou, dynasty that ruled ancient China for some eight centuries, establishing the distinctive political and cultural characteristics that were to be identified with China for the next two millennia. 5. Even though they garnered the support of independent-minded nobles, Shang partisans, and several Dongyi tribes, the Duke of Zhou quelled the rebellion, and further expanded the Zhou Kingdom into the east. He saw the practice of morality in the family as the root. Daoists also developed communal prayers and rituals that could cure illness, free souls from hell, win blessings from heaven, and eliminate sins from the community. Prior to the Warring States Period, it was the norm for nobility to hand out land in their states to kinsmen, just as it had been for the king during the Western Zhou. The definition of the Way was broadened to include the idea that individuals have a spiritual essence in need of harmonizing and liberation. The noble person, filial piety, humaneness, etiquette, Heaven, and government by men of virtue are just some of the ideas Confucius discussed as he traveled the feudal states seeking to advise their lords. The Warring States Period lasted 254 years. The Shang Dynasty is the earliest ruling dynasty of China to be established in recorded history, though other dynasties predated it. ), known as the Western Zhou (1046-771 B.C. [d] The Zhou enfeoffed a member of the defeated Shang royal family as the Duke of Song, which was held by descendants of the Shang royal family until its end. His and his successors power was, however, much reduced. As opposed to serving a lesson to and resolving some dispute with another lord, these self-declared kings waged war to destroy them and take their land. Being appointed, they could move from one state to another. [21] At the same time, the Zhou may also have been connected to the Xirong, a broadly defined cultural group to the west of the Shang, which the Shang regarded as tributaries. One obvious difference is that the Zhou ruled from walled cities rather than castles. However, he only managed to hold some minor offices in Lu and generally failed in his political aspirations. In this capacity, Duke Huan had the authority to resolve disputes between nobles on behalf of the king. Historians believe the Old Master was a fictional sage invented by Warring States Period philosophers who compiled the book attributed to him. This political theory, which is known as the Mandate of Heaven, would also be used by founders of later dynasties to justify their actions, as well as by theorists to explain the rise and fall of dynasties. Putting away his emotions, Jing Wudao's right hand flicked in the air, and the flexible sword on the Wu Ji patriarch's back returned to his hand. In 1059, upon witnessing five planets align, the Zhou ruler declared himself king and proceeded to engage in military conquests that made his kingdom a . The stability of that arrangement lasted some 200 years before it began to collapse with the increasing local interests of the 20 or more feudal lords. During the turmoil of the Warring States period, other individuals developed a philosophy very different from Confucianism called Daoism. This separation became tied into Confucian moral values. Heaven has given birth to the virtue that is in me. 1 (7.22) Interpreters of Confucius have rightly noted that he is quite silent about the supernatural and what happens after death, rather emphasizing the life we have and serving others. The dynasty ended in 256 bce. Should a young man learn to be respectful and reverent towards parents and elders, he will become a humane person, and humane people are far more likely to contribute in a positive way to society. The remains of many of the feudal capitals during the Zhou period have been uncovered and reveal great buildings with rammed-earth floors and walls. [55] The Zhou wanted to increase the number of enlightenment seekers, mystics, and those who would be interested in learning about such things as a way to further distance their people from the Shang-era paradigm and local traditions. The book of odes written during the Zhou period clearly intoned this caution.[38]. Many of its members were Shang, who were sometimes forcibly transported to new Zhou to produce the bronze ritual objects which were then sold and distributed across the lands, symbolizing Zhou legitimacy.[38]. The capital was moved eastward to Wangcheng,[1] marking the end of the "Western Zhou" (, pX Zhu) and the beginning of the "Eastern Zhou" dynasty (, pDng Zhu). Confucius lived just prior to the Warring States Period (551-479 BCE). The military control of China by the royal house, surnamed Ji, lasted initially from 1046 until 771 BC for a period known as the Western Zhou, and the political sphere of influence it created continued well into the Eastern Zhou period for another 500 years. King Wen (Cultured King) was this ruler, and revered as the founder of the Zhou dynasty. It succeeded the Qin dynasty (221-207 bce). The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. These nobles were allowed to rule their own lands hereditarily, so long as they observed certain obligations to their king. It followed the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BCE), whose cultural contributions it developed, and . To mobilize large numbers of men for war and supply them with weapons and grain, kings devised ways to make their realms more productive and compliant with their will. The Mandate of Heaven ( Tianming ), also known as Heaven's Mandate, was the divine source of authority and the right to rule of China 's early kings and emperors. 4: China and East Asia to the Ming Dynasty, Book: World History - Cultures, States, and Societies to 1500 (Berger et al. Both the purpose and conduct of warfare changed. The system, also called "extensive stratified patrilineage", was defined by the anthropologist Kwang-chih Chang as "characterized by the fact that the eldest son of each generation formed the main of line descent and political authority, whereas the younger brothers were moved out to establish new lineages of lesser authority. [citation needed]. Despite these similarities, there are a number of important differences from medieval Europe. 4. To govern is to rectify. He taught how a person becomes moral because a good society only develops when composed of and led by virtuous people. Prior to the Warring States Period, Zhou kings were still accorded a level of respect, at least as symbols of unity and nominal heads of the Zhou feudal order. In 651 BCE, he convened an interstate meeting with other lords to discuss matters of order and security. Great lines and lesser lines continually spin off new lesser lines, founded by younger sons". To support the empire in the east and its loyal feudal rulers, an eastern capital was built at Luoyang on the middle reaches of the Huang He. Stratagem is critical. His father died about the time Confucius was born, and he was raised by his mother, who also passed away when Confucius was young. secondlyexegesis in the Han dynasty was denied at lastthey denied deifying Confucius.These sequential denials were completed at last in the May Fourth cultural movementwhich was seen as the turning point of the modern period.AsOn New Democracy[by Mao Zedong]puts itthe May Fourth Movement was the source of the revolutionary energy . In later generations, lords simply became more interested in and identified with their own territories, and they had little sense of solidarity with what were at best distant cousins ruling neighboring feudal states. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. This way, the government was able to store surplus food and distribute it in times of famine or bad harvest. 1046 BCE - 771 BCE. From there, these illustrious lineages governed a predominantly rural population of farmers living in villages where life was not easy. Fengjian. In later centuries, in China, Confucius was revered as a sage and teacher. The chancellor of Wei, Sunshu Ao, who served King Zhuang of Chu, dammed a river to create an enormous irrigation reservoir in modern-day northern Anhui province. Burgeoning turmoil also inspired much thinking about what was needful to restore order and create a good society, as well as what defined the good life. But these centuries were not only marked by the growth of states and accelerating warfare between them. Indeed, Zhou kings granted land and noble titles to kinsmen in exchange for obedience, periodic visits to the kings palace, tribute, and military support. Over the course of the first millennium CE, Daoism became a popular and institutionalized religion. Rather than give those posts to kinsmen, kings appointed men from the lower ranks of the nobility or commoners based on their loyalty and merit. [57], In traditional Chinese astrology, Zhou is represented by two stars, Eta Capricorni (; Zhu y; 'the First Star of Zhou') and 21 Capricorni (; Zhu r; 'the Second Star of Zhou'), in "Twelve States" asterism. In the 8th century bce the political system, which had essentially consisted of a network of extended family, began to weaken seriously. Now, many generations later, his state was a formidable power on the east coast. Any ruler who failed in this duty, who let instability creep into earthly affairs, or who let his people suffer, would lose the mandate. The noble man does not abandon humaneness for so much as the space of a meal. (4.5) For Confucius, the highest virtue is humanity, and many of his conversations center upon defining what it is that makes a person humane. To his mind, he was living at a time when civilization was collapsing and society was decaying. Eventually, a Daoist church developed, with its own ordained priesthood, temples, and monasteries. A truly noble person is one who puts what is right before personal gain and the desire for wealth and fame. Western Zhou dynasty replaces the Shang Dynasty in China. During the third century BCE, the Zhou Kingdom was destroyed and one of these warring states, the Qin [Cheen] Dynasty, prevailed over the rest. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. (The line of Zhou kings had, however, already been extinguished in 256 BCE, so that date marks the end of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.). In later centuries, the Daoism of these early philosophers was taken in new directions. During the Warring States, rulers introduced large armies composed of mass infantry and cavalry. )%2F04%253A_China_and_East_Asia_to_the_Ming_Dynasty%2F4.07%253A_The_Long_Zhou_Dynasty_(1046-_256_BCE), \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 4.6: China from Neolithic Village Settlements to the Shang Kingdom, 4.8: The Qin Dynasty and the Transition from Ancient to Imperial China, University System of Georgia via GALILEO Open Learning Materials, 4.7.1: The Western Zhou Dynasty (1046 771 BCE), 4.7.2: The Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770 256 BCE) and the Warring States Period (c. 475 221 BCE), 4.7.3: Philosophy in a Time of Turmoil: Confucianism and Daoism, 4.7.3.2: Philosophical and Institutional Daoism, http://brandonqindynasty.weebly.com/9/8580061.jpeg, status page at https://status.libretexts.org.