Ball was really shaken up by his second trip around the wreckage, especially after a gruesome realization dawned on him. This deadly collision led to 82 fatalities and was the first major incident to be investigated by the newly-created National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). Shortly thereafter it was cleared by the Indianapolis ARTCC to the Milton Intersection (10 miles west-northwest of the Charleston VORTAC on Victor 128) and to descend to and maintain 5 000 ft. At approximately 0841 hours the flight contacted Charleston Approach Control and reported leaving 6 000 for 5 000 ft. 5425 Wisconsin Ave Crash of a Fairchild-Hiller FH-227B in Charleston: 35 killed Date & Time: Aug 10, 1968 at 0857 LT Type of aircraft: Fairchild-Hiller FH-227 Operator: Registration: N712U Flight Phase: Landing (descent or approach) Flight Type: Scheduled Revenue Flight Survivors: Yes Site: Airport (less than 10 km from airport) Schedule: Cincinnati - Charleston MSN: And as they started back up the mountain, dense fog and a steady rain was falling, just like it was 60 years ago.. Airline Pilot Central Forums > Airline Pilot Forums > Regional > SkyWest. Its not as complicated as one may think. Scholarship awards range from $2,500 to $14,000 for primary flight training, advanced ratings/certificates, and aviation maintenance. BRANDON: SHE SAYS SHE COULDNT BELIEVE HOW CALM HE WAS BUT WAS GLAD HE IS OK. >> I WENT A GOT HIM A BOTTLE OF WATER BECAUSE I SAID DUDE YOU NEED A DRINK. Terrible copay for health benefits for part-time employees. The disorientation was caused by a rapid reduction in the ground guidance segment available to the pilot at a point beyond which a go-around could not be successfully effected. Piedmont Airlines Flight 22 was a Piedmont Airlines Boeing 727-22 that collided with a twin-engine Cessna 310 on July 19, 1967, over Hendersonville, North Carolina, United States. The aircraft parachute deployed and the pilot was okay., 2018 The Stokes News Privacy Policy. The aircraft then careened up and over the side of the hill and on to the airport, coming to rest off the right side of runway 23. Local resident Charles Geffrey Geff Hoots recalled, I was playing alone in the yard, underneath my grandfathers parked aluminum boat, when the two planes popped loudly in the sky above me. Save time and money with our Aviation degrees. Work hours are all over the place (but flexible) Can be stressful during delays/cancellations. Proudly created with Wix.com. Crash of Piedmont Flight 349 in Virginia The Cessna fused with the big jet and then disintegrated. The aircraft was destroyed by impact and subsequent fire. Near Orrs Camp Road, in a row of hemlocks, a man of about 215 pounds had landed in a tree, still strapped in his seat. Flight 22, the first jet in Piedmonts fleet, was nicknamed the Manhattan Pacemaker. The craft was built in Seattle and had been leased by Iran National Airlines as part of the fleet of the Shah before Piedmont bought the jet. US News and World Report ranked Harrisburg, the state capitol of Pennsylvania, as the #1 Best Place to Live in Pennsylvania. Six decades after a deadly plane crash into a Virginia mountain near Charlottesville, a piece of Piedmont Airlines Flight 349 was returned to the site. The Piper PA-28 series has been produced since 1960 with a proven and effective design for both cross country flying and the training environment. Copyrights 2020 Piedmont Flight School All rights reserved. After departing the runway, the aircraft hit an ILS antenna and a culvert, then went thru a fence and stopped beside railroad tracks. In the aftermath of the tragedy the first major accident investigated by the newly formed National Transportation Safety Board officials worked to keep curiosity seekers and the media from the crash site as investigations proceeded. Triad Aviation Academy delivers the best valued flight training around. THEY SAID THIS COULDVE BEEN MUCH WORSE. While the memories remain painful for Barnette and other Hendersonville residents, the way the community and its first responders handled the tragedy are still a point of pride. This website is not intended for users located within the European Economic Area. In an effort to shift blame from the government and Piedmont, critical conversations recorded on tape never made it into the NTSB's report. He punched the gas, arriving on scene before the flames had been extinguished. I will be back for IFR training!, Piedmont Flight Training is a top notch training school. Under certain circumstances, FTF can also accommodate advanced, rotorcraft, and sport pilot training. WE STILL DONT KNOW EXACTLY HAPPENED. Rescue crews could not begin their efforts. At the start of the control inputs for the maneuver, he looked down at his kneeboard and personal electronic device and readjusted its position on his leg and around the control stick. By continuing to use this website you agree to the use of cookies. The monument to the eighty-two victims stands one-quarter mile from the crash site at the intersection of Jack Street, Orrs Camp Road and Mitchelle Drive off Four Seasons Boulevard. "Piedmont Flight Training is a top notch training school. Looking to start your pilot career? I can easily fit training into my busy schedule. "I went and got him a bottle of water because I said 'Dude, you need a drink,'" Griffin said. "I was looking up and thinking it was looking like one would cross over in front of the other, and about that time was when they hit," said Lamb, who at 80 still runs the Orchard Trace Golf Course in Edneyville. Spencer was present as a wheel from the landing gear of Airlines Flight 349 was returned to the site. BRANDON: THE MESSAGE HERE IN STOKES COUNTY, LIKE -- LUCKY TO BE ALIVE. Contact a recruiter to learn more about the application process and get a personal guide to joining the Piedmont team. Youre all amazing at what you do! It was the best, most fulfilling work experience I've ever had. On that July day in 1967, Ewart Ball III was a photographer for the Asheville Citizen-Times. According to the FAA, Addisons two-engine Cessna swept out of the pallor and flew directly into the 727. Houle is a former traffic-accident investigator with the United States Army. Let Piedmont help you make the transition from a military pilot to a rewarding aviation career as a pilot at Piedmont. The program is open for U.S. students pursuing an instrument, multi-engine, or commercial pilot rating. In business since 1991 beginning as Triad Air, Inc. we are the longest running flight school in North Carolina under the same ownership and management. [2] Both aircraft were destroyed and all passengers and crew were killed, [2] including John T. McNaughton, an advisor to U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. Experience what it will be like when you start your training with a 30-minute flight. Operated by Lanseair, it was carrying two passengers and a pilot. Officials dedicated the monument in July 2004 on the 37th anniversary of the crash. Piedmont Airlines pilots are on the fastest path to American Airlines under a company contractual "flow" program with enhanced quality of life benefits, including: Compensating First Officers as Captains after accumulating 750 flight hours Minimum of 4 hours of flight pay for each day (s) of the assignment CHARLOTTE, N.C. (WBTV) - Flight attendants with Piedmont Airlines voted Thursday to authorize a strike. Piedmont Flight 22, a Boeing 727 jetliner carrying 74 passengers and a crew of five, departed from Asheville Regional Airport's Runway 16 at 11:58 a.m. En route from Atlanta to Roanoke, the. Thomas Calvin Conrad (19361967) was first officer on the flight and Lawrence Cary Wilson (19301967) was second officer. At the same time, build your flight time towards your career pilot goal. Passengers, luggage and fuselage debris rained from the sky, and one human corpse crashed through the roof of a home. The accident occurred at 0856:53 hours during daylight. The memories remain equally strong for many in Hendersonville to this day, said Terry Robinson, a board member with the Henderson County Heritage Museum. "Across the road, a body went through the roof of a house. 2023, Hearst Television Inc. on behalf of WXII-TV. The pilot climbed down the tree. I SAID SIT DOWN ON THE PAVEMENT. Join Piedmont as a Direct Entry Captain and maximize your career earnings. We have been proactive in educating our students and staff in reference to healthy protective measures and will expend every effort to continue to do our part in the protection of public health and follow appropriate guidance as necessary from the CDC and NC government authorities. But when I saw all those sheets, I realized Id been walking on thosepeopleand didnt even realize it.". June 9, 2020 by Indu Singh. Twenty-four passengers got on in Washington, and the last one who got on snagged the last seat at the back, said Spencer. You and your instructor will complete your student folder documentation, set up your IACRA and Flight Circle profile, review aircraft and airport safety and schedule out your lessons. "Piedmont Flight School has helped me greatly to achieve my flying goals. In the wake of ExpressJet's announcement, Piedmont announced on August 25 its plan to offer jobs to seniority list pilots recently furloughed from ExpressJet. Addisons passengers were Ralph Reynolds (19191967), vice-president of Lanseair, Inc. (an aviation insurance and development company) and owner of the craft; and Robert Eugene Anderson (19301967) both of Springfield, Mo. Its even sooner for pilots with Part 121 experience. Piedmont Airlines 1:1 longevity pay and new reserve rules for captains changes the game. Over the years, tragedies have tarnished the splendor of Henderson Countys otherwise idyllic milieu. Health insurance (only good if full-time) Flexible schedule. During this same time, he became disoriented and tried to correct visually, instead of by reference to the instruments. The Crash of Piedmont Airlines Flight 22: Completing the Record of the 1967 Midair Collision Near Hendersonville, North Carolina - Kindle edition by Houle, Paul D.. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. One person was killed and another was taken to the hospital in serious condition. The controller observed a column of smoke rising near the approach end of the runway and immediately activated the crash siren and called for the dispatch of airport emergency equipment. Weather conditions indicated a 2,500-foot ceiling with broken cloud cover and four miles of visibility in hazy conditions.. Paul Houle, author of "The Crash of Piedmont Airlines Flight 22: Completing the Record of the 1967 Midair Collision near Hendersonville, North Carolina," will also speak about the crash and the . "No matter what happened, Addison, and his two passengers Robert E. Anderson and Ralph Reynolds, were 12 miles off course and flying right into the path of Piedmont 22.". The BRS system's parachute deployed successfully, and the airplane came to rest in trees without its left wing. Pilots with 950+ qualified flight hours of Part 121, 135 or 91K time will receive a $100,000 experience bonus on their first payday, while pilots with 500-950 hours of qualifying Part 121 time will receive $75,000 on their first payday if they accept a conditional job offer before March 31, 2023 and begin class within 90 days. The investigation by the Civil Aeronautics Board the predecessor to the National Transportation Safety Board concluded the crash was caused by pilot error, after failing to make the one and only major turn from Washington to Charlottesville. The deal comes three days after ALPA officials blasted the regional industry during a conference call with reporters, saying some regional carriers pay subpar. The NTSB reviewed Houle's findings but maintained the Cessna pilot was at fault. Before the impact, the Cessna had been traveling at 205 miles per hour and the jetliner was climbing at a ground speed of about 275 miles per hour. southern california institute of architecture notable alumni; ucf medical school ranking; world mission society church of god denver; northwestern university finance department A contributing factor to the accident may have been preoccupation of the captain resulting from mental stress. After touchdown, the airplane went out of control, veered off runway and came to rest. In that kind of situation, a conventional parachute would not open quickly enough to be effective. The latest breaking updates, delivered straight to your email inbox. The pilot-in-command descended below obstructing terrain for undetermined reason. Just over 60 years ago, on Oct. 30, 1959, Piedmont Airlines Flight 349 took off from what was then known as Washington National Airport, bound for for Virginias Charlottesville, then Lynchburg and Roanoke. Nevertheless, these ridges command respect from those venturing upon them and through their perilous airspace. . Operate within easy distance of all that makes the East great dynamic cities, rich culture, live sports, top dining, the beach and mighty Atlantic. Go up with a Certified Flight Instructor and have the opportunity to learn about the controls and flytheaircraft. Like a lot of locals, Lamb jumped in his vehicle and drove to the scene. The aircraft continued and struck upsloping terrain (+30deg) 250ft short in a 4-5deg nose down attitude, slightly left wing down. Even though each certificate/rating curriculum is very structured, every student requires a personalized approach. Flight Attendant (Former Employee) - Harrisburg, PA - May 4, 2021. The reason for such deviation cannot be specifically or positively identified. I met amazing people working as a flight attendant with Piedmont. "This guy looked like he had been playing golf. Cline quickly realized he wasnt comfortable owning the wheel from the doomed airliner. Piedmont Airlines, Flight 230, a Fairchild Hiller 227B, N712U, a regularly scheduled passenger flight, crashed and burned while on an approach to the Kanawha County Airport, Charleston, West Virginia. The Piedmont pilots were experienced airmen. The pilot reported that there were no preaccident mechanical malfunctions or failures with the airplane that would have precluded normal operation. Got it? "The aircraft parachute deployed, the pilot is okay, and it was in a wooden field, so no one else was injured," said Tara Connell, the general manager at Piedmont Flight Training. As the 727 rose and the Cessna came in for landing, disaster struck. Piedmont Flight Training Higher Education Winston Salem, North Carolina 66 followers Flight school offering all certificates needed for commercial aviation, starting with a private pilot. KENNY: BRANDON BATES WAS ON SCENE SHORTLY AFTER THE PLANE WENT DOWN AND TALKED TO NEIGHBORS WHO CALLED THE POLICE. By that time the landing check had been completed by the crew and descent was established at a fairly constant rate of descent of approximately 620 ft/min. The brokers were headed to a Stokely-Van Camp convention in West Virginia. Your California Privacy Rights/Privacy Policy. The North Carolina State Highway Patrol is investigating a small plane crash in Stokes County. Because fog had delayed flights that morning, Flight 22 was running 30 minutes behind schedule. It was a little cloudy, but overall visibility was good thatday, just after noon on July 19, 1967. Learn the fundamental steps for flying in adverse weather conditions. The three crewmembers and 32 of the 34 passengers were fatally injured in the accident. Introducing Mesa Airline's Pilot Cadet Program. Youll go straight to upgrade training so you can enjoy the view from the left seat and be one of the highest paid pilots in the regional industry. At 0853 hours radio contact with the flight was established by the tower local 'controller who cleared the flight to land. Officials believed the pilot of the commercial jet, Capt. It never made those stops that night, because it slammed into the side of Bucks Elbow Mountain in the dark and fog, said Charlottesville-based reporter Hawes Spencer. 5443 Airport Terminal Rd. STOKES COUNTY, N.C. (WGHP) State Highway Patrol on Thursday confirmed the names of the two people on board a plane that crashed in Stokes County. October 2, 2012. Through the years, Neal has covered many of the crimes and trials that have gripped the region. Flight status, tracking, and historical data for Piedmont 4860 (PT4860/PDT4860) including scheduled, estimated, and actual departure and arrival times. The minimum control procedures utilized by the FAA in handling of the Cessna were a contributing factor. About 2040, October 30, 1959, Piedmont Airlines Flight 349 crashed on Bucks Elbow Mountain located about 13 miles west of the Charlottesville-Albemarle County, Virginia, Airport. A layer of dense fog (about 150ft thick) was obcsuring the threshold and about half of the approach lights. Catch a scenic discovery flight, learn to fly, or take advanced flight instruction and multi-engine instruction at one of two convenient locations - Greensboro, North Carolina 's Piedmont Triad International Airport (KGSO) or Stoneville, North Carolina 's Rockingham County - Shiloh Airport (KSIF). Log in to your WTOP account for notifications and alerts customized for you. Schmitz had spent just 8 hours in his jet in the 30 days before the accident, according to the accident report. N83CT Aircraft Incident Harrisburg International Airport. Piedmont 4426 NMAC . The plane was a small Pipistrel Alpha Trainer, which comes with a built-in ballistic parachute attached to the tail for emergencies just like this one. According to Aaron. The wheel had been scavenged from the wreck, and had laid in someones garage for many years, said Spencer. The pilot, who is an instructor at Piedmont Flight Training at Smith Reynolds Airport, is uninjured, according to troopers. When it boomed, I called it confetti falling out from the sky people's bodies, parts of the planes, everything, I guess.". Nobodyknowsme on 02-26-2023. The 727 briefly continued its progress forward at an altitude of 6,132 feet before suddenly nosing over, exploding into flames and breaking into two sections. And he said, 'Yeah,'" Griffin said. Join Piedmonts pilot Cadet Program, receive a $30,000 bonus and board the fastest path to American Airlines. A Private Pilot Certificate is the first step to becoming a pilot. Addisons deviation from his IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) clearance approximately nine miles south and east of the glide pattern into Asheville put him in a flight path allocated to the 727. The crash was reported Tuesday at 5:21 p.m. in the area around Almas Lane near Pinnacle. "When I got there everything was just charred and black, and every now and then you could see a finger or a foot. "I got in real close to the flames and smoke," said Ball, 72. Piedmont flight 230 was on an ILS localizer-only approach to Charleston-Kanawha County Airport runway 23 when it struck trees 360ft from the runway threshold. In those days, before fast-food restaurants, a muddle of signs and the Blue Ridge Mall cluttered the scenery, the area enfolding the crash site was mostly farms and rural greenways. Piedmont Airlines, Flight 230, a Fairchild Hiller 227B, N712U, a regularly scheduled passenger flight, crashed and burned while on an approach to the Kanawha County Airport, Charleston, West Virginia. Position your career, your life in the center of it all. "His head was decapitated," Lamb said. He looked better than us.". Two hours from the mountains, three to the coast, Charlotte has it all. Shortly after taking off from the Asheville Regional Airport, it collided with a Cessna 310, killing all 79 aboard the 727 and the three aboard the Cessna. The crash was reported Tuesday at 5:21 p.m.. Last Friday at the stroke of midnight, Piedmont Airlines stepped through the looking glass and emerged as USAir. Hearst Television participates in various affiliate marketing programs, which means we may get paid commissions on editorially chosen products purchased through our links to retailer sites. So, he led the expedition to return the wheel to the site.. When flight 467 was cleared for landing at 2005:36, the surface wind was reported from 100 at 4 knots. "While training pilots at American, the Piedmont pilots seemed to come from a great work environment and culture," says Marie. His 115 men had to work around the clock for three weeks while FBI identification specialists conducted the gruesome job of identifying bodies, or in many cases, body parts. A Certified Flight Instructor will explain the curriculums, show you around the flight school, walk you through our aircraft, meet some students and have all of your questions answered. Once you complete the ATP-CTP course and exam, youll be placed into the next available new hire pilot training class at Piedmont, with no additional interview required. He was uninjured. Even relatively short trips that have the potential to save you hours of driving time. "It was aconstant battle and nobody really wanted to work in there it was a real bad image," said Barnette, 82. But when he crested the gap near the Blue Ridge Parkway on I-26 eastbound, Ball could see the black smoke billowing skyward from the crash. Years before commercial airlines were tracked by radar, and before the invention of black boxes, the search for the plane was intense. The pilot, who is an instructor at Piedmont Flight Training at Smith Reynolds Airport, is uninjured, according to troopers. But in the end, it had a real effect of bringing the community together.". "That guy in a blue shirt walked out of the woods and I said, 'Did you just crash your plane?' Janet Griffin was the first person to talk to the pilot. Elizabeth City State University, AeroX and Piedmont Flight Training have created an online aviation degree and flight-training program that will be based at Smith Reynolds Airport. We will wear headsets to communicate during the roughly forty-five-minute flight and the instructor will encourage you to participate as much as possible, depending upon your skill and level of comfort, of course. Investigations suggested that the Cessnas pilot had likely been distracted while making dial changes to his radio settings. Emergency services personnel called in adisaster codeto Pardee Memorial Hospital, anticipating mass casualties. This is the official page of Phil Bradley, who was the sole survivor of a Piedmont DC-3 that crashed October 30, 1959, at. Your military flight hours count. Traditional trainers where most commercial pilots today got their start. A commemoration honoring the victims and first responders will take place at 11:30 a.m. Wednesday in Hendersonville. Join Piedmonts Cadet Program, receive a $30,000 bonus and board the fastest path to American Airlines. Youll challenge your skills with East Coast takeoffs and landings. The certificate provides the foundational knowledge and skills for all future aircraft pilot training. Your California Privacy Rights/Privacy Policy. Today we honor the victims of Piedmont Airlines Flight 22, a Boeing 727-22, which crashed July 19, 1967 in Hendersonville, North Carolina. Saatva Mattress Review: Our Pick for the Best Overall Bed of 2023, We Found 12 Cute Planters and Flower Pots That Cost Less Than $25, Here's Where to Watch and Stream Marvel's 'Ant Man and the Wasp: Quantumania' Online. For example, our Cessna 172 can make the trip to Ocean City, MD in less than 45 minutes! https://t.co/i7TH8Ijn9b : WXII 12 News, Bobby Clayton pic.twitter.com/es6Kkwnbou WXII 12 News (@WXII) October 9, 2020 There was evidence of hydroplaning and poor frictional quality on last 1,500 feet of runway. Added to that, pilots unfamiliarity with the defiant terrain and the sheer height of the ridges, have resulted in disaster. The aircraft landed approximately 3,200 feet from the threshold and the captain was unable to stop on the wet runway. Our number one priority is the safety of all students and staff. Crash of a Fairchild-Hiller FH-227B in Charleston: 35 killed, Crash of a Boeing 727-22 in Hendersonville: 79 killed, Crash of a Martin 404 in New Bern: 3 killed, Ground accident of a Martin 404 in Roanoke, Crash of a Douglas C-47A-90-DL on Mt Bucks Elbow: 26 killed, Roanoke-Blacksburg Regional/Woodrum Field. Overall Piedmont Flight School has made me a better pilot and prepared me for my future not only in flying but in the Airforce. The aircraft, a DC-3, N55V, was demolished by impact. "They were laying out white sheets on bodies," Ball said. To see if flying is for you, or just to see what your house looks like from the air, contact Piedmont Flight Center to schedule a Discovery Flight. The 101 passengers and six crew . From hiking trails and outdoor recreational activities for the outdoor enthusiast to living within a few hours drive from major cities like New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, D.C., Harrisburg has something for everyone. This July marks the 50th anniversary of the most catastrophic air disaster in North Carolinas history. "I went and got him a bottle of water because I said 'Dude, you need a drink,'" Griffin said. Interviews at Piedmont Airlines Experience Positive 91% Negative 2% Neutral 7% Getting an Interview Applied online 95% Employee Referral 2% In Person 2% Difficulty 2.0 Average Hard Average Easy Interviews for Top Jobs at Piedmont Airlines Flight Attendant (44) Ramp Agent (22) Customer Service Agent (7) Customer Service Representative (7) The crew was completing a local training flight at Wilmington-New Hanover County Airport. UPS1354 Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport, Birmingham, AL. Click the gallery below to see pictures from the crash scene.Neighbors also witnessed the crash. Neal Augenstein has been a reporter at WTOP since 1997. The crew of 3 and 23 of 24 passengers were killed; the sole survivor was seriously injured. Paul Houle, author of "The Crash of Piedmont Airlines Flight 22: Completing the Record of the 1967 Midair Collision near Hendersonville, North Carolina," contends the NTSB's findings don't tell the whole story and wrongly blame the Cessna pilot. AeroAPI Flight data API with on-demand flight status and flight tracking data. Its a two-seater with a 34-foot wing span, and a body that looks more like a helicopter. This will be a great opportunity for you to ask a knowledgeable instructor about the planes and training programs. Alaska and United are leaders in investing in pilot supply in the U.S. Contributing to the accident was the captain's failure to optimally use the airplane decelerative devices. The jetliner tried to straighten out, Lamb said, but then it tilted left and spiraled downward, followed by a second explosion. The approach to New Bern-Simmons Nott Airport was started in limited visibility due to the night when the airplane, too low, struck tree tops and crashed in the Croatan National Forest, about 3 miles short of runway. By June 21, 2022 wcco school closings wisconsin on piedmont flight training crash June 21, 2022 wcco school closings wisconsin on piedmont flight training crash Theoretically, Schulte believed an emergency landing on the freeway might have been possible. Carrying 78 passengers and four crew members, the flight was en route from Charleston to Chicago with an intermediate stop in Charlotte. Fifty years ago today, a few minutes before 9 a.m., a Piedmont Airlines prop jet began an instrument-assisted approach to Charleston's hilltop airport at the end of a flight from While focused on the kneeboard he heard the engine rpm increase, then looked up and realized that the airplane had entered an unusual attitude. Local landowner Bahlmann Abbot led us via four-wheel drive over a. I got the lights in sight down low. A ballistic parachute, first developed in the 1980s, is fired out of its storage compartment on the aircraft by a small explosive charge which opens the chute quickly, the reason it is used for small, light planes, where an emergency may happed close to the ground. Troopers said a small plane crashed into trees near Payne Road, which is just north of Rural Hall. Then sculptor Mark Cline acquired the wheel by trading a couple of fiberglass sculptures for it.. Reportedly, the captain added 20 knots to approach speed for possible wind shear and delayed spoiler option after touchdown. Its diversified fleet of 14 aircraft offers students choices and flexibility. August 14, 2013. She said she couldnt believe how calm he was but was glad he is okay.
Hampton Roads Regional Jail Hot Plates,
Aaron Paul Idaho House,
Order Of The Golden Circle Ritual,
Articles P