who destroyed the walls of jerusalem that nehemiah rebuilt

Another point is the size and function of Jerusalem during the Persian period. in length. The archaeology of the Temple Mount today confirms this enlargement. It took the water from the Gihon Spring under the mountain to the Pool of Siloam below the city. Nehemiah 2:11-20, The Man Who Rebuilt Jerusalem He said, The risk of doing nothing is the greatest risk of all. Thats why were doing what were doing because the risk of doing nothing is the greatest risk of all. Whether the biblical stories faithfully represent this return is a problem we will pass over here. K. A. Ristau, Reconstructing Jerusalem: Persian Period Prophetic Perspectives, University Park, Pa, 2016. Indeed, the walls that surround the Old City of Jerusalem today are only around 500 years old, having been constructed by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in the mid-16th century. She carried out excavations in Jerusalem from 1960 - 1967. Villages still supplied grain and other products, governors were appointed, residing first in Mizpa and later in Jerusalem, and for many people life will have taken its traditional course. Diana Edelman, who made an in-depth study of Jerusalem in Persian times based on biblical texts, archaeological finds and information on the Persian empire, sees Jerusalem as a birah, a small fortress used by the Persians (Edelman 2005). When the Babylonians conquered and destroyed Jerusalem in 586 BC, they also destroyed the walls and burned the gates with fire. [6] Some remains of this wall are located today near the Mandelbaum Gate gas station. The Jebusites had built a massive wall on the vulnerable north side of the city. It's an invitation to all who read it to be inspired by one person's faith and passion to rebuild a community of people. As cupbearer it was his duty to taste wine from the kings cup before handing the cup personally to the king, a guarantee that the wine was not poisoned. Who destroyed the walls of Jerusalem that Nehemiah rebuilt? A series by Phil & Kath Henry. Oxford 2014, 24-37. Were literally rebuilding our oldest walls which were built over 150 years ago as well as the roof of the chapel and installing a new steeple. 1 The first exiled people, who came back seventy years later with Zerubbabel on the first order of return (Cyrus' 2 ), found only ruins and rubbles. 8 And David said on that day, Whoever would strike the Jebusites, let him get up the water shaft to attack the lame and the blind, who are hated by David's soul. Therefore, it is said, The blind and the lame shall not come into the house. 9 And David lived in the stronghold and called it the city of David. The work took some four years, between 1537 and 1541. The pagan Roman city, Aelia Capitolina, which was built after 130 by Emperor Hadrian, was at first left without protective walls. The fish bones analysed come from fish from the Mediterranean Sea and Lake Tiberias. Plan of Jerusalem in the Iron Age. Many paint a dark situation, with only some 'people of the land' living in the collapsed houses and making sacrifices in the ruins of the temple. The words of Nehemiah son of Hacaliah (ha-kee-luh). The Persian material included a bronze mirror, silver rings, an Egyptian jar made of faience and an Attic jug - all luxury items, probably imported. In the 16th century, during the reign of the Ottoman Empire in the region, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent decided to rebuild the city walls fully, partly on the remains of the ancient walls. ), The Summit of the City Of David Excavations 20052008; Final Reports Volume I, Area G, Jerusalem 2015, 525-538. In an individual life, then, the rebuilding of the walls would be a picture of re-establishing the strength of that life. Whether Jerusalem was a birah, a Persian fortress, or a provincial capital possibly fortified by or with the permission of the Persian authorities to safeguard their interests cannot be determined on the basis of current evidence. He can see that rebuilding the wall of Jerusalem is a restoration job on several levels. 1538-1541 - Suleiman the Magnificent Rebuilds the Walls of Jerusalem British Mandate (1917-1948) 1917 - British Capture Jerusalem in World War I Divided City (1948-1967) 1948 - State of Israel Established; Jerusalem Divided By Armistice Lines Between Israel & Jordan Reunification (1967-Present) cit. The story can speak to each of us today as we desire to rebuild communities of faith and hope in the wake of the . And Jerusalem is a symbol of the city of God, God's dwelling place and the center of life for the world. The finds do not disprove my dating of the tower in the Maccabean era. Fortifying the town would certainly not have been tolerated by the Persian authorities, and the story as told in the biblical book of Nehemiah would be a much later construction. 8Remember the word that you commanded your servant Moses, If you are unfaithful, I will scatter you among the peoples; 9but if you return to me and keep my commandments and do them, though your outcasts are under the farthest skies, I will gather them from there and bring them to the place at which I have chosen to establish my name. 10They are your servants and your people, whom you redeemed by your great power and your strong hand. Then I said to them, You see the trouble we are in, how Jerusalem lies in ruins with its gates burned. It was chiseled from both ends to the middle at the same time. G. Barkay, Excavations at Ketef Hinnom in Jerusalem, in: In: H. Geva, (ed.). With prayer, common sense, fervent speeches & brilliant planning, this godly leader motivated the Israelites to complete the reconstruction of the walls of Jerusalem despite severe opposition. This hill is now commonly referred to as the City of David, but that is a fairly recent name (Steiner 2019). Upon hearing that the wall of Jerusalem was down and destroyed, along with the gates being burned down, Nehemiah cried. Wine and olive oil were brought to the town in sealed jars (Lipschits 2009). Some scholars, however, do not allow themselves to be discouraged by this and draw with confidence a map of Jerusalem based on the biblical texts. In the second element of his speech, Nehemiah acknowledges the seriousness of the situation. What a wealth of information on the lay-out of Jerusalem in Persian times! This, however, is a methodological error. I went out by night by the Valley Gate past the Dragons Spring & to the Dung Gate, & I inspected the walls of Jerusalem that had been broken down & its gates that had been destroyed by fire. Early September, after just 52 days, the wall was completed. ), Biblical Narratives, Archaeology and Historicity: Essays In Honour of Thomas L. Thompson, London 2019, 3-10. Nehemiah says that after his westward journey from Susa, he spent three days personally reviewing the walls so that he has firsthand knowledge & intelligence of the situation. It went as far as the royal cemetery, . Just like their builder, however, the modern walls can only be described as magnificent. who destroyed the walls of jerusalem When Titus conquered and destroyed Jerusalem, he was putting an end to many decades of rebellion that had erupted long before his time. M. L. Steiner, `The City of David as a Palimpsest, in L. Niesioowski-Span and E. Pfoh (eds. One of Sultan Suleimans greatest projects was the restoration of the walls of Jerusalem. The Old City is home to three major shrines of the world\\'s religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. . Nehemiah 3 is even more specific. night | 74 views, 3 likes, 0 loves, 3 comments, 1 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Historic Baptist Church: Sunday Night Upon hearing that the wall of Jerusalem was down and destroyed, along with the gates being burned down, Nehemiah cried. Very interesting. Are you rebelling against the king? Then I replied to them, The God of heaven is the one who will give us success, & we his servants are going to start building; but you have no share or claim or historic right in Jerusalem.. DepartmentBldg Tucson, AZ 85721 TEL 520-621-6897 FAX 520-626-9014. xi. The wall had been broken down, community had broken down and with everyone thinking about themselves, people worked on their own places but no one was working for the common good. These walls were built by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in the sixteenth century, roughly following the course of the walls built by the Romans to encircle Jerusalem in the second century. After the return from exile, the small Jewish populationunder Nehemiah's leadershiprebuilt the walls of Jerusalem with dimensions similar to Solomon's day. 16 Nehemiah son of Azbuk ruled half of the district of Beth-Zur, and he rebuilt the next section of the wall. They were completed in 1538 and are the walls that exist today. A History of Excavations in the Holy Land Inspired by the Photographs and Accounts of Leo Boer. The walls of the Canaanite city appear to have stood for around a thousand years, well into the time of the Israelite monarchy, with possible evidence of later repairs in the Iron Age. Rebuilding The Walls Of Jerusalem Nehemiah 4:16-18 KJV Nehemiah Chapter 4 16 And it came to pass from that time forth, that the half of my servants wrought in the work, and the other half of them held both the spears, the shields, and the bows, and the habergeons; and the rulers were behind all the house of Judah. Preliminary Report of Seasons 2005-2007, Jerusalem and New York 2009. Despite evidence of permanent settlement dating back to at least the Early Bronze Age (c. 33002300 B.C.E. Hes going to share the risks & the hardships with the people. Nehemiah 1. Was any town wall of the Persian period ever excavated? Because Nehemiah sees what others cannot, he issues a call to action. [3], The city of Jerusalem has been surrounded by defensive walls since ancient times. The pottery shows that several potteries provided the inhabitants not only with coarse utilitarian earthenware but also with vessels in Greek style and refined bowls. Whoever wandered around the old city walls had to climb over a mass of stone and sometimes could not continue at all; large piles of rubble blocked the way. One of the burial chambers contained, for instance, a silver Greek coin from the end of the 6th century BC, the Early Persian period. km.). that Jerusalem was the seat of a Persian governor then we also know that it wasnt a complete desolation or the sort of place for which Donald Trump would have had a pungent name. Nehemiah 1:13: Now it happened in the month of Chislev, in the twentieth year, as I was in Susa the citadel, 2 that Hanani, one of my brothers, came with certain men from Judah. The city walls and its fortress provided additional protection. Though the temple has been rebuilt, the city walls were as they had been for the last 130 years, with the result that the inhabitants of Jerusalem had no way of defending themselves against their enemies (see Nehemiah 4:11). However, the walls of the city remained in ruins until the end of the third century. Nehemiah is the account of the rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem. ), M. L. Steiner, `The Palace of David Reconsidered in the Light of Earlier Excavations, op, http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/palace_2468.shtml, The Persian Period City Wall of Jerusalem. 16 And when all our enemies heard of it, all the nations around us were afraid and fell greatly in their own esteem, for they perceived that this work had been accomplished with the help of our God. in length. ), Archaeology in the Land of `Tells and Ruins. Courtesy Nathan Steinmeyer. Returning Exiles Rebuild the Walls444 BC - 442 BC. Long before the Israelites entered the Promised Land, the Jebusites lived securely within the walls of Jerusalem. In this respect, the description in Nehemiah 3 is correct. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. 4, 8, 'The first month, which according to the Macedonians is called Xanthicus, but according to us Nisan.' Its meaning is uncertain; according to some its root-idea is . Yet in 1219, the Ayyubids, fearing the Crusaders would regain the city, demolished the walls of Jerusalem to keep such a fortified position from falling into Crusader hands. Why so long to rebuild the wall? Dig into the illuminating world of the Bible with a BAS All-Access membership. Today, this water tunnel is known as Hezekiahs Tunnel. Perhaps it rather encompasses all the destroyed city gates of Jerusalem, including those around the western hill. Why is a broken-down wall such a big deal? Not only nine gates are mentioned, but also other characteristic parts of the town such as the Tower of the Hundred and the Tower of Hanael, the Broad Wall, the Pool of Siloam, the Kings Garden, the steps going down from the City of David, the tombs of David, the artificial pool, the House of the Heroes and many more. (between 1000 BC and 901 BC), possibly built by King Solomon, has been revealed in archaeological excavations. D. Edelman, The Origins of the Second Temple: Persian Imperial Policy and the Rebuilding of Jerusalem, London 2005. it is all small letters. The walls were extensively renewed by the Empress Aelia Eudocia during her banishment to Jerusalem (443460). ), The Fire Signals of Lachish; Studies in the Archaeology and History of Israel in the Late Bronze Age, Iron Age and Persian Period in Honor of David Ussishkin, Winona Lake, Ind. This is not the last time that happened on a construction job. Did Jerusalem become a walled settlement in Persian times, or is that an unlikely notion? Did archaeologists actually find the Persian city walls? An analysis of the pottery from the Persian period found during excavations in Jerusalem shows that there were several potteries that supplied the inhabitants with vessels, including Greek-style vases and thin-walled bowls, both luxury materials (Steiner 2011). The Persian kings allowed exiles from many countries to return to their lands, and some made use of that, others did not; many Judeans continued to live in Babylonia. The walls are demolished, the gates reduced to ashes. A portion of the wall was discovered in the 1970s by Israeli archaeologist Nahman Avigad and dated to the reign of King Hezekiah (716687 BC). [email protected] [email protected] Later, he built stronger and additional walls to fortify the city, and it would become known as the City of David. Nehemiah Report from Jerusalem. How long did it take to rebuild the. At the top of the slope there was a large tower and a stretch of city wall from the Late Hellenistic period, built by the Maccabees in the 2nd century BC. People didn't just eat what the land nearby yielded; fish bones were found from sea bream and mullet from the Mediterranean Sea and catfish from the river Jordan or Lake Tiberias (Lernau 2015). on The Man Who Rebuilt Jerusalem Nehemiah 2:11-20, https://brewsterbaptistchurch.org/audio/08032014.mp3. The book of Nehemiah in the Old Testament of the Bible is more than an account of rebuilding the wall of Jerusalem. Its not enough to know what needs to be done; we also need the motivation to make it happen. Nehemiah Inspects the Walls 16 The officials did not know where I had gone or what I was doing, for I had not yet told the Jews or priests or nobles or officials or any other workers. That could be two years later, a hundred years later or a thousand years later. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, The Unexpected History Behind Jerusalems Street Names, Richard the Lionheart Accepts Saladin's Peace, British Mark Capture of Jerusalem from Turks, Supreme Moslem Council Recognizes Jewish Temple Mount, Jerusalem's Military Government Abolished, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise, 1800 BCE - Construction of First City Wall, 586 BCE - Babylonian Forces Destroy Jerusalem and Demolish. Nehemiah, a servant of King Artaxerxes, was an Israelite who lived in the Persian city of Shushan. By Margreet L. Steiner They appointed a governor over Judah, who sat in Mizpa, not Jerusalem. It was a massive undertaking and measured around 2.5 miles (4 km.) G. Barkay, Excavations at Ketef Hinnom in Jerusalem, in: In: H. Geva, (ed. Nehemiah 6:1516: So the wall was finished on the twenty-fifth day of the month Elul, in fifty-two days. [1] [2] The walls are visible on most old maps of Jerusalem over the last 1,500 years. 2011, 307-17. Hes not afraid to use words like trouble, ruins, disgrace. No good comes from minimizing the difficulties of a task or situation that lies before us whether it is physical, relational, spiritual, financial, emotional, political or something else. The only animal I took was the animal I rode. There would have had to be some economic and some military activity and so a population more than negligible, so at least some attention to fortifications. The walls were still in ruin 140 years later when Nehemiah came to Jerusalem. I am aware that this is only indirect evidence. Was it a walled town with a central temple, the seat of the governor, a centre of administration, religion and economy? Upon regaining the city from the Crusaders, Saladin began refortifying the walls in 1192. 3They replied, The survivors there in the province who escaped captivity are in great trouble and shame; the wall of Jerusalem is broken down, and its gates have been destroyed by fire., August 3, 2014 This expansion also included some additional wall construction on the north side of the city walls. The fortification wall was constructed in the late 8th century or early 7th BCE, Israel Antiquities Authority excavation co-director Dr. Joe Uziel, who is also the head of the IAA's Dead Sea. Recent ones include Finkelstein 2008, Lipschits 2009, Ristau 2016, and Ussishkin 2006. Another burial ground was located in the Mamilla area, west of the current Jaffa Gate (Reich 1994). And I asked them concerning the Jews who escaped, who had survived the exile, and concerning Jerusalem. It seems obvious that Nehemiah wanted to restore the walls to make the city habitable again. This would indicate that rich families still lived in or around Jerusalem in the Persian period. Inside the fosse moat of the Tower of David. In 70 CE, as a result of the Roman siege during the First JewishRoman War, the walls were almost completely destroyed. INTRODUCTION: Nehemiah means "The Lord Comforts". Now this is the account of the forced labor which King Solomon levied to build the house of the Lord, his own house, the Millo, the wall of Jerusalem, Hazor, Megiddo, and Gezer. So it was about 22 years after returning to Jerusalem that they finally finished the temple. Although the walls size varies at different points, on average, it stands 40 feet tall and measures 8 feet thick. 17 Then I said to them, "You see the trouble we are in. Nehemiah knows there will be opposition so he waits to share what God has put on his heart to do. These texts have clearly been written for people who lived in Jerusalem and knew exactly where the constructions mentioned were located, not for later generations not acquainted with the town. Why take the risk and expense of hiring new people? And the king and his men went to Jerusalem against the Jebusites, the inhabitants of the land, who said to David, You will not come in here, but the blind and the lame will ward you offthinking, David cannot come in here. 7 Nevertheless, David took the stronghold of Zion, that is, the city of David. Solomon, David's son, built the First Temple on the hilltop rising right above the city he had inherited, the Temple Mount, and then extended the city walls in order to protect the temple. The wall of Jerusalem is broken down, and its gates have been burned with fire." When Jerusalem was destroyed by the Babylonians, Nehemiah went to the king Artaxerxes Longinus of Persia, and received a crucial for . Seal impressions bearing the name Yehud - the Persian province of Judah - show that the site was part of an economic network. After Jerusalem fell to the Umayyads in 638 C.E., the citys Byzantine walls saw major repairs, and large parts of the Tower of David and the walls around the Temple Mount were constructed. That the order of the buildings in the text is the same as the order `on the ground' is likely but not certain. Now it happened in the month of Chislev, in the twentieth year, as I was in Susa the citadel, 2 that Hanani, one of my brothers, came with certain men from Judah. The wall of Jerusalem is broken down, and its gates are destroyed by fire.". What this means is the careers of Ezra the scribe and Nehemiah the governor clearly ov. I take an intermediate position. The trip continues to the Fountain Gate and the King's Pool. A whole series of publications on Jerusalem in the Persian period has seen the light of day. During the time of Hezekiah, Jerusalems urban population had grown far outside the old walls of the city and were unprotected. The wall of Jerusalem is broken down, and its gates have been burned with fire.' When [Nehemiah] heard these things, [he] sat down and wept" (Nehemiah 1:3). 516 BCE - Cyrus Permits Jews in Babylonian Exile to Return to Jerusalem; 63 BCE - Roman General Pompey captures Jerusalem, 70 CE - Roman Forces Destroy Jerusalem and Demolish, 135 CE - Jerusalem Rebuilt as a Roman City, 1229-1244 CE - Crusaders Briefly Recapture Jerusalem Two Times, 1917 - British Capture Jerusalem in World War I. Some attention, but how much? ), Media, Video and Lectures From The Arizona Center for Judaic Studies of the University of Arizona, Teaching the Bible in Public Schools and Higher Ed, Scholars, Frauds, the Media and the Public, Essays on Minimalism from Bible and Interpretation, Final Reports on the Yehoash Inscription and James Ossuary from the Israeli Antiquities Authority, Essays on the James Ossuary and the Temple Tablet from Bible and Interpretation, University of Arizona, Center for Judaic Studies, Department of Archaeology and Art History, University of Evansville. In 701 BC, the Assyrians, headed by Sennacherib invaded Judah, the Southern Kingdom of Israel, because of their disobedience to God. Submitted by Jason Silverman on Sun, 11/28/2021 - 12:20. God allowed most of Judah to be conquered but protected Jerusalem because of Hezekiahs obedience to Him. ), Jerusalem was not fortified until the Middle Bronze Age (c. 20001550 B.C.E.). LOVE THE VIDEOS OR PHOTOS OF JERUSALEM or WHATEVER PHOTOS YOU MAY HAVE. The temple was restored, and the temple gave the town its raison d'tre. The story can speak to each of us today as we desire to rebuild communities of faith and hope in the wake of the . During the Middle Bronze Age, the city of Jerusalem was fortified for the first time, with walls having been found in several areas around the City of David and surrounding the strategically important Gihon Spring. 8 And David said on that day, Whoever would strike the Jebusites, let him get up the water shaft to attack the lame and the blind, who are hated by David's soul. Therefore, it is said, The blind and the lame shall not come into the house. 9 And David lived in the stronghold and called it the city of David. It was only late in the Iron Age that the settlement expanded over the western hill. The king, who had not seen me sad before,<br><br>2 He asked, "Why is there sadness on your face? If the original wall would have been built in the Late Hellenistic period, one would expect pottery from the Babylonian, Early and Late Persian and Early Hellenistic periods in that rubble. The walls surrounding the Old City encompass an area of barely a third of a square mile (1 sq. Then I arose in the night, I and a few men with me. Courtesy Nathan Steinmeyer. But when Nehemiah arrives to Jerusalem, he faces opposition from the people who had already been living in Jerusalem because Nehemiah had made clear that all those living outside Jerusalem had no part in the new city. After some two centuries without walls, a new set was erected around the city, probably during the reign of Emperor Diocletian, sometime between 289 and the turn of the century. The length of the walls is 4,018 meters (2.497 miles), their average height is 12 meters (39 feet) and the average thickness is 2.5 meters (8.2 feet). 3 And they said to me, The remnant there in the province who had survived the exile is in great trouble and shame. When that happens, the result is often that people like Josephs brothers try to kill the visionary. In 586 BC the Babylonians left behind a town largely destroyed. King Hezekiah fortified the existing walls of the city and built a new wall in a rapid manner to protect those living outside the city walls. Blessing: Now may you go from this time of worship to serve the God who is ready to forgive, gracious & merciful, slow to anger & abounding in steadfast love. Nehemiah is not a professional builder or contractor. The walls were expanded again under Herod the Great (r. 374 B.C.E. The city walls and gates that the Babylonians destroyed have never been rebuilt.' Nehemiah was upset. Who destroyed the wall that Nehemiah rebuilt? Recently, the Israeli archaeologist Eilat Mazar conducted excavations on the top of the hill, where she found the so-called `Palace of David' (Mazar 2009; see for a refutation of that interpretation Steiner 2009). Nehemiah has a very difficult task to accomplish: rebuilding a ruined city with opposition all around & a frightened, discouraged population, fortunately Nehemiah knows how to lead in a crisis. There were lots of people who tried to stop them. Reconstruction of one of the Ketef Hinnom tombs. The books of Ezra and Nehemiah detail the rebuilding of the Temple, the walls of Jerusalem, and the gates under Zerubbabel, the Governor of Judea. This opposition doesn't stop the children of Israel, as they work with weapons in hand. In the month of Chislev, in the twentieth year, while I was in Susa the capital, 2 one of my brothers, Hanani, came with certain men from Judah; and I asked them about the Jews that survived, those who had escaped the captivity, and about Jerusalem. Well, you might be thinking . A book about Judah in the Babylonian era is aptly subtitled The Archaeology of Desolation (Faust 2012). For if I rebuild what I have once destroyed, I prove myself to be a transgressor. JUST WONDERING. ), A. M. L. Steiner, `The City of David as a Palimpsest, in L. Niesioowski-Span and E. Pfoh (eds.). Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "WH Committee: 1st Extraordinary Session, Paris 1981", Selections from the Tell El-Amarna letters, "Building inscription commemorating the rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Ottoman period, 1535-1538, Stone, Israel Antiquities Authority, IAA: 1942-265, Archaeology/Islamic Art & Archaeology", Tancred's Tower / Qasr Jalud (Goliath's Castle), Institute for International Urban Development, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walls_of_Jerusalem&oldid=1142505729. October 2021. But hes motivated by Gods vision for Jerusalem & his love for his people. King Darius is mentioned by name in the Bible in the books Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Haggai and Zechariah. But perhaps there is more factuality in the picture the book of Nehemiah sketches than is sometimes suggested. During this time, known as the Hasmonean period (16463 BC), Jerusalem was rebuilt along with its walls. However, much of the southern part of the city walls were omitted in the new construction. Ironically, rather than raising peoples feelings of fear & anxiety; facing the brutal facts can have a remarkable impact on peoples confidence & motivation. ), O. Lipschits, `Persian Period Finds from Jerusalem: Facts and Interpretations.. Only since the end of the 19th century do we know that the town from the Bronze and Iron Ages, roughly the period from 3200 - 600 BC, was built near the only natural spring in the area, the Gichon spring at the foot of the eastern slope of the southeastern hill (Steiner 2014). Were seeking to build our community and to impact many more lives as we add two new full-time pastors. 3 They replied, 'The survivors there in the province who escaped captivity are in great . TWO DECREES OF ARTAXERXES The excavations of Kathleen Kenyon. Courtesy Nathan Steinmeyer. Nehemiah taught us how to battle discouragement (Neh. The walls of Jerusalem had been destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BC. This wall would remain in use until 586 B.C.E. When the work does become public, the opposition begins immediately & steadily grows, escalating in intensity to the point of his enemies unsuccessfully plotting his assassination. The first one to announce that she had found part of the Persian city wall was the English archaeologist Kathleen Kenyon. Then I turned back & entered by the Valley Gate, & so returned. Many biblical scholars have been allured by these texts to sketch a map of the city based on the descriptions therein - see for instance https://medium.com/@chrisvonada/the-courage-and-calling-of-nehemiah-1b64df490373. Israel Finkelstein (2008), for example, sees Jerusalem of Persian and Early Hellenistic times as a small village without walls, with at most a few hundred inhabitants.

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