which commander is nicknamed carthage's guardian

Sarka, Which of these is not a natural resource? [90], His legacy would be recorded by his Greek tutor, Sosylus of Lacedaemon. 42.2 Km, Which part of the brain will alcohol affect? Carthage lost approximately 20,000 troops with an additional 15,000 wounded. He had several sisters whose names are unknown, and two brothers, Hasdrubal and Mago. [71] The following month Hannibal's fleet clashed with the Rhodian navy in the Battle of Side. What Hannibal achieved in extricating his army was, as Adrian Goldsworthy puts it, "a classic of ancient generalship, finding its way into nearly every historical narrative of the war and being used by later military manuals". [45] From the start, he seems to have calculated that he would have to operate without aid from Hispania. Which of the following is an enemy of Richardthe Lion Heart? = Baibars These two bodies came from the wealthy, commercial families of Carthage. Carthaginian political will was embodied in the ruling oligarchy. Themselves, During the Trojan War, which Greek warrior killed Hector? Iodine, Official measure Martin Luther Diet of Worms, Which French monarch was known as Saint Louis? Baibars. The influence of actinomycetes, Of the following nations, which has the smallest area? Coca Cola, Which of the following commander excels at gathering resources? Baibars Which commander is nicknamed the Roaring Barbarian? Their troops bolstered his army back to around 40,000 men. A fictional opera called Hannibal appears at the beginning of the musical Phantom Of The Opera. Eyeballs, Before leading the biggest slave rebellion of Ancient Rome, what was Spartacus? [30], Hannibal recognized that he still needed to cross the Pyrenees, the Alps, and many significant rivers. By capturing Cannae, Hannibal had placed himself between the Romans and their crucial sources of supply. Which commander is nicknamed Carthage's Guardian? Philip, who attempted to exploit Rome's preoccupation in Italy to conquer Illyria, now found himself under attack from several sides at once and was quickly subdued by Rome and her Greek allies. On the Open Seas. Goguryeo, Which of the following is a nonrenewable energy source (such as coal, oil, or natural gas)? For steadfastness of purpose, for organizing capacity and a mastery of military science he has perhaps never had an equal.[109]. Minamoto no Yoritomo, Egyptians made paper from which material? apakah sobat merasa kesulitan dalam menjawab soal-soal didalam event ini? Tier Lists and Best Commanders updated May 2020. [18] In Rome, the Senate reacted to this apparent violation of the treaty by dispatching a delegation to Carthage to demand whether Hannibal had destroyed Saguntum in accordance with orders from Carthage. Studien zu Plautus' Poenulus. As a result, the Roman army was hemmed in with no means of escape. Livy speaks of his great qualities, but he adds that his vices were equally great, among which he singles out his more than Punic perfidy and an inhuman cruelty. = Hannibal Barca 136 What two major works are attributed to homer? When Hannibal's successes had brought about the death of two Roman consuls, he vainly searched for the body of Gaius Flaminius on the shores of Lake Trasimene, held ceremonial rituals in recognition of Lucius Aemilius Paullus, and sent Marcellus' ashes back to his family in Rome. Copenhagen, What is Chinas earliest known book of military strategy? Mannerism, Which of the following was a Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements? Jangan khawatir karena CatatanDroid pun dibuat pusing oleh event yang satu ini.lol. The house of Hanover, Which of the seven wonders of the world were created to cure the new Queen of Babylons homesickness? Livy gives us the idea that Hannibal was extremely cruel. Hannibal's wings were composed of the Gallic and Numidian cavalry. Which can be done via unlocking silver and golden chests, through the events and VIP shop. [15], Hannibal's father went about the conquest of Hispania. According to some, Libyssa was sited at Gebze (between Bursa and skudar), but W. M. Leake,[86] identifying Gebze with ancient Dakibyza, placed it further west. [54], The Romans and allied legions resolved to confront Hannibal and marched southward to Apulia. Who defeated the Franks? Lvl. Hannibal had now disposed of the only field force that could check his advance upon Rome, but he realized that, without siege engines, he could not hope to take the capital. Which commander is nicknamed Carthage's Guardian? Cleopatra, Which part of the human body contains mostly water? Petroleum, The Renaissance was a Rebirth of Classical Culture, Advantages of Johannes Gutenbergs printing press include all of the following except Increase in church power, Who invented the printing press? The Romans used the attritional strategy that Fabius had taught them, which, they finally realized, was the only feasible means of defeating Hannibal. A gladiator, Who proposed the philosophical idea of I think, therefore I am? Constance, Which commander is nicknamed the Roaring Barbarian? Hydroelectric energy, Whose autobiography Living to Tell the Tale won them the Nobel Prize in Literature? Which of the following commanders excels at leading cavalry? Hannibal is generally regarded as one of the best military strategists and tacticians of all time, the double envelopment at Cannae an enduring legacy of tactical brilliance. Relief, Which of the following is NOT one of Matilda of Flanders' skills? Never was one and the same spirit more skilful to meet opposition, to obey, or to command[. At the end of this conversation Hannibal invited Scipio to be his guest, and Scipio replied that he would be so gladly if Hannibal were not living with Antiochus, who was held in suspicion by the Romans. Healing Speed Up, How did Saladin change the Middle East? Masinissa (Numidia) was to be independent. The Romans feared and hated him so much that they could not do him justice. [74] The truce was signed at Sardes in January 189 BC, whereupon Antiochus agreed to abandon his claims on all lands west of the Taurus Mountains, paid a heavy war indemnity and promised to hand over Hannibal and other notable enemies of Rome from among his allies. Cao Cao, What is Julius Caesars nickname? Hannibal attacked them, forcing their withdrawal from Campania. He became such a figure of terror that, whenever disaster struck, the Roman senators would exclaim "Hannibal ad portas" ("Hannibal is at the gates!") To prevent them from dying of distended swim bladders, Which of the following factors allows certain mixed drinks to be layered? Preliminaries are on the weekdays. [12], According to Polybius, Hannibal much later said that when he came upon his father and begged to go with him, Hamilcar agreed and demanded that he swear that as long as he lived he would never be a friend of Rome. Cara Lihat Tanggal Pembuatan Akun ML Mobile Legends, Review FlashScore ID Live Score Update App, Google Camera GCam Nikita 2.0 Apk Support Semua Hp, UPDATE Cara Melihat Rank Mobile Legends Terbaru. The oligarchy, not Hannibal, controlled the strategic resources of Carthage. This theory is supported by the fact that, after Varro survived the battle he was pardoned by the Senate, which would be peculiar if he were the sole commander at fault.)[54]. Natural Selection, Which of the following commanders was part of the hundred years war? The earth moves directly between the sun and the moon, During the Second Punic War, in which battle did a vastly outnumbered Hannibal defeat a Roman army? The building speed of buildings in your city, What is the main purpose of white bloog cells in the human body? 156172. Nautilus, Which country gave the Statue of Liberty ti American people as a gift? The Roman scholar Livy gives a depiction of the young Carthaginian: "No sooner had he arrivedthe old soldiers fancied they saw Hamilcar in his youth given back to them; the same bright look; the same fire in his eye, the same trick of countenance and features. There is even an account of him at a very young age (9 years old) begging his father to take him to an overseas war. Agriculture, In Greek mythology, what was Achilles only weak point? China, The Windsor knot was made popular by which king of England? Hannibal outmanoeuvred the natives who had tried to prevent his crossing, then evaded a Roman force marching from the Mediterranean coast by turning inland up the valley of the Rhne. It is believed that his refusal to bring the war to Rome itself was due to a lack of commitment from Carthage of men, money, and material principally siege equipment. As Lazenby states, It says volumes, too, for their political maturity and respect for constitutional forms that the complicated machinery of government continued to function even amidst disasterthere are few states in the ancient world in which a general who had lost a battle like Cannae would have dared to remain, let alone would have continued to be treated respectfully as head of state. Strategic ability had been comprehended only on a minor scale. No such brutality stains his name as that perpetrated by Gaius Claudius Nero on the vanquished Hasdrubal. Which commander is known as Kamakura's Warlord? Archimedes, How do you get Alliance Technology credits? Polybius, The Histories of Polybius, 2 Vols., trans. In the First Punic War (264 and 241 BCE) Rome quickly realised that to defeat Carthage they would have to do what they had never done before - build their own naval fleet. Hanno had been instrumental in denying Hannibal's requested reinforcements following the battle at Cannae. Carthaginian defeats in Hispania prevented Hannibal from being reinforced, and he was unable to win a decisive victory. CatatanDroid. Socrates. [78] Hannibal also went on to defeat Eumenes in two other battles on land. Johannes Vermeer, Which country did Zarathustra, of the tone poem Thus Spoke Zarathustra, come from? Hannibal's Iberian and Gallic heavy cavalry on the left, led by Hanno, defeated the Roman heavy cavalry, and then both the Carthaginian heavy cavalry and the Numidians attacked the legions from behind. Ancient Rome, Which of the following is a fossil fuel formed from marine organisms that is often found in folded or tilted layers and used for heating and cooking? The battle resulted in a decisive Roman-Pergamene victory. School of Athens, How many phases are there in The Mightiest Governor event? Guardian? There was a Carthaginian Senate, but the real power was with the inner "Council of 30 Nobles" and the board of judges from ruling families known as the "Hundred and Four". If you have more answers to add you can do that below. Aristotle, Galileos Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment overturned a theory of which Ancient Greek scientists? Iron, Which commander is known as the Conqueror of Chaos? The Odyssey and the Iliad. de Beer, S. G., 1969, Hannibal: Challenging Rome's supremacy, Viking, New York, NY. [42] These Hannibal surmounted with ingenuity, such as when he used vinegar and fire to break through a rockfall. Indeed, the breadth of his vision gave rise to his grand strategy of conquering Rome by opening a northern front and subduing allied city-states on the peninsula, rather than by attacking Rome directly. The Incas, Which of the following was an enemy of Richard the Lionheart? What was his name? in the south of present-day Gebze as an expression of Atatrk's will and Atatrk's respect for Hannibal. So, without further ado let's dive deep to learn more about Hannibal Barca skills, talent builds, roles and pairs. P.126128, Benz, Franz L. 1982. Paris, The Taj Mahal was built during which Indian Dynasty? Edict of Worms, Which ancient civilization built the Lost City of Machu Picchu? Stephen Hawking, Who was called Napoleon of crime in some of the Sherlock Holmes stories? As his veterans melted away, he had to organize fresh levies on the spot. Provide path of salvation, Under normal circumstances, which layer of the sun can we see with the naked eye? Sunset Canyon, What is the Commander Hannibal Barca good at? Mahaney et al. Its precise vocalization remains a matter of debate. In his first few years in Italy, he won a succession of victories at the Battle of the Trebia, Lake Trasimene, and Cannae, inflicting heavy losses on the Romans. Euclid, Which of the following is a Phase of the Mightiest Governor? Mahaney, W.C., Allen, C.C.R., Pentlavalli, P., Dirszowsky, O., Tricart, P., Keiser, L., Somelar, P., Kelleher, B., Murphy, B., Costa, P.J.M., and Julig, P., 2014, "Polybius's previous landslide: proof that Hannibal's invasion route crossed the Col de la Traversette". He maintained this post for eight years until 221BC. Hannibal constantly sought reinforcements from either Iberia or North Africa. So jangan pusing lagi ya! The decisive battle of Zama soon followed; the defeat removed Hannibal's air of invincibility. His younger brothers were Mago and Hasdrubal; his brother-in-law was Hasdrubal the Fair, who commanded other Carthaginian armies. Hannibal Barca: Which commander is nicknamed the Father of Conquest? [77] Hannibal went on to serve Prusias in this war. Which commander is nicknamed Carthage's Guardian? He moved to Lucania and destroyed a 16,000-man Roman army at the Battle of the Silarus, with 15,000 Romans killed. Papyrus, The differences among a species, like different bird beaks, are called Variations, What is the length of a marathon in kilometers? [53] Once the Roman Senate resumed their consular elections in 216BC, they appointed Gaius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paullus as consuls. [107], Military academies all over the world continue to study Hannibal's exploits, especially his victory at Cannae.[108]. Which of the following does not award Individual Credits? Sarka. The Romans even built statues of the Carthaginian in the streets of Rome to advertise their defeat of such a worthy adversary. He replied, "I have seen during my life many old fools; but this one beats them all." That war could be waged by avoiding in lieu of seeking battle; that the results of a victory could be earned by attacks upon the enemy's communications, by flank-manoeuvres, by seizing positions from which safely to threaten him in case he moved, and by other devices of strategy, was not understood [However,] for the first time in the history of war, we see two contending generals avoiding each other, occupying impregnable camps on heights, marching about each other's flanks to seize cities or supplies in their rear, harassing each other with small-war, and rarely venturing on a battle which might prove a fatal disasterall with a well-conceived purpose of placing his opponent at a strategic disadvantage That it did so was due to the teaching of Hannibal. Celtic Blood, Which of the following is another name for the Black Death that raged across the Europe during the Late Middle Ages? [23], After he assumed command, Hannibal spent two years consolidating his holdings and completing the conquest of Hispania, south of the Ebro. Other sources report that Hannibal told his father, "I swear so soon as age will permitI will use fire and steel to arrest the destiny of Rome. No man ever held his own so long or so ably against such odds. Persia, Which of the following works was written by the French playwright Pierre Corneille? In the use of strategies and ambuscades he certainly surpassed all other generals of antiquity. [18], Upon the assassination of Hasdrubal in 221BC, Hannibal (now 26 years old) was proclaimed commander-in-chief by the army and confirmed in his appointment by the Carthaginian government. Find answers for LifeAfter on AppGamer.com Mahaney, W.C., et al., 2009. Most of India, Which musical instrument has six strings? [87], Appian wrote of a prophecy about Hannibal's death, which stated that "Libyssan earth shall cover Hannibal's remains." [64] According to Cicero, while at the court of Antiochus, Hannibal attended a lecture by Phormio, a philosopher, that ranged through many topics. Saladin, In Greek mythlogy, which hero quested for the golden fleece? Helen, Northern Humanists like Erasmus were most commonly known for what? As Scipio saw that he was likely to prolong his self-laudation he said, laughing, "where would you place yourself, Hannibal, if you had not been defeated by me?" To whom did India give title mahatma? [19] Silius suggests a Greek origin for Imilce, but Gilbert Charles-Picard argued for a Punic heritage based on an etymology from the Semitic root m-l-k ('chief, the 'king'). In 259 BC it met with the Carthaginian off Mylae. The Cerebellum, What is the troop health bonus you can get from a fully upgraded Hospital? There Hannibal destroyed Flaminius' army in the waters or on the adjoining slopes, killing Flaminius as well (see Battle of Lake Trasimene). Leader of the alliance that conquers the lost temple, Renaissance painters in Flanders, as in Italy, tended to produce what type of artwork? Poseidon, When was the Declaration of Independence written? Pandora, Which commander was in charge of capturing Constantinople at the age of 21? The Wars of the Roses, Which of these was the only commander to defeat Cyrus the great in battle? Who painted The Last Supper? According to Plutarch, Scipio asked Hannibal "who the greatest general was", to which Hannibal replied "either Alexander or Pyrrhus, then himself".[1]. Hannibal Barca. It's called Lyceum of Wisdom: Peerless Scholar. Although Phoenician territories like Tyre and Sidon possessed the necessary combination of raw materials, technical expertise, and experienced personnel, it took much longer than expected for it to be completed, most likely due to wartime shortages. Unlike most battles of the Second Punic War, at Zama the Romans were superior in cavalry and the Carthaginians had the edge in infantry. Sampaguita, What is the name for electricity produced by water using large dams in a river? Minamoto no Yoshitsune, one of the greatest military commanders in Japanese History, is a powerful nuking commander in Rise of Kingdoms. Tomyris, Which of the following commanders joined a rebellion against her own husband? The authors add an apocryphal story of how Hannibal planned and supervised the building of the new royal capital Artaxata. Attacking Cities, Which buff can be acquired from occupying a Sanctum of Courage? Yersinia petis, Which of the following juice is contained in the classic cocktail Bloody Mary? What is commander Sun Tzu good at? Hannibal, discovering that the castle where he was living was surrounded by Roman soldiers and he could not escape, took poison. Hannibal was the one who earned his family respect even after his defeat in the Punic Wars. Hannibal attempted to lift the siege with an assault on the Roman siege lines but failed. His name also appears in that of a private television channel, Hannibal TV. [69] Hannibal was tasked with building a fleet in Cilicia from scratch. [46] The victory was minor, but it encouraged the Gauls and Ligurians to join the Carthaginian cause. School of Athens, How many fingers does the cartoon character mickey mouse have on each hand? Pelagius, Which of the following do not give commanders EXP? Hermann Ebbinghaus, What is the conversion ratio of amperes (A) to milliamperes (mA)? Here, Hannibal forced the Romans to evacuate the plain of Lombardy, by virtue of his superior cavalry. On the Open Seas. Historians such as Serge Lancel have questioned the reliability of the figures for the number of troops that he had when he left Hispania. Hannibal was the son of the great Carthaginian general . [102][103][need quotation to verify], Most of the sources available to historians about Hannibal are from Romans. Survive, Which commander excels at leading infantry? Hannibal was one of the sons of Hamilcar Barca, a Carthaginian leader, and an unknown mother. Hunt responds to this by proposing that Hannibal's Celtic guides purposefully misguided the Carthaginian general. On hearing, however, of his brother's defeat and death at the battle of the Metaurus, he retired to Calabria, where he maintained himself for the ensuing years. Provide a path for salvation. Sydney Opera House, Egypts economy was primarily based on what? Hannibal (/ h n b l /; Punic: , romanized: annbal; 247 - between 183 and 181 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman who commanded the forces of Carthage in their battle against the Roman Republic during the Second Punic War.He is widely regarded as one of the greatest military commanders in history. 243 days, Which of the following nations is the closest to the North Pole? [97], According to Livy, the land occupied by Hannibal's army outside Rome in 211BC was sold by a Roman while it was occupied. which of the following resources cannot be found on in jeans, which of the following achievements must be completed before the special snowflake achievements, which of the following best describes a clown fish, which of the following is not a natural resource, which Portuguese explorer was the first European to sail to the southern tips of Africa, which of the following is not one of Milan skills, which technology came right before Pavise, which commander considered of enemy of Rome at an early age, which of the following know was the Celtic Rose, which of following is not one of Lohar skills, which of the following one of Matilda of Flounders skill, which Dutch scientists is know as the father of microbiology, in ancient Egypt which of the following was not privileged of a scribe, who came up with the Trojan Horse and who won the Trojans war, who is considered the father of Modern Olympic games, Gallio leaning Tower of Pisa experiment over turned a theory of which Ancient Greek Scientist, in Norse Mythology who welded the weapon gangnir, Who first implement the Julian Calendor in rome, what is the name for Renewable energy diverse from burning organic such as wood and alcohol, of apart from time you can be helped and powered which of the following alliance center perimeters can also be upgraded, who commander the new Model Army founded by Parliament during the English Civil War, insufficient intake of which element may cause the thyromegaly, under normal circumstances which layer of sun can we see with the naked eye, In Greek mythology what is the relationship Zeus and Hermes, of the below commander which is best suited to lead troops in gathering resources, in Greek Mythology what was Achilles only weak point. Julius Caesar, Which of the following is the worlds largest island? Yi Seong-Gye: Which commander is nicknamed Carthage's Guardian? Golden Key, What is Belisarius nickname? Gladiator, The punic wars were fought by ancient Rome and what other ancient empire? Sarka: Which commander is nicknamed "Bow of Revolution"? It is often argued that, if Hannibal had received proper material reinforcements from Carthage, he might have succeeded with a direct attack upon Rome. He had indeed bitter enemies, and his life was one continuous struggle against destiny. Who won the Trojan War? As they moved off in pursuit of this decoy, Hannibal managed to move his army in complete silence through the dark lowlands and up to an unguarded pass. Nuclear energy, Which war ended the rule of the House of Plantagenet and began the rule of the Tudors in England? By 220BC, the Romans had annexed the area as Cisalpine Gaul. Vatican City, What is the hardest part of the human body? Gnaeus Servilius and Gaius Flaminius (the new consuls of Rome) were expecting Hannibal to advance on Rome, and they took their armies to block the eastern and western routes that Hannibal could use. It seems that the Romans lulled themselves into a false sense of security, having dealt with the threat of a Gallo-Carthaginian invasion, and perhaps knowing that the original Carthaginian commander had been killed. In 207BC, he succeeded in making his way again into Apulia, where he waited to concert measures for a combined march upon Rome with his brother Hasdrubal. Fusion, Which of the following is not Pelagius passive skill? The onslaught of Hannibal's cavalry was irresistible. Even though the location of Hannibal's tomb could not be determined precisely in the studies carried out due to Atatrk's great interest, a monumental cenotaph was built[when?] The Ottomans, Where was the rallying point for the First Crusade? Charlemagne, What did Spartacus do as a slave before leading the biggest slave rebellion of Ancient Rome? Fighting infection and desease, Which of the following countries is located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere? His brother's head had been cut off, carried across Italy, and tossed over the palisade of Hannibal's camp as a cold message of the iron-clad will of the Roman Republic[citation needed]. Count Alfred von Schlieffen developed his "Schlieffen Plan" (1905/1906) from his military studies, including the envelopment technique that Hannibal employed in the Battle of Cannae. Wealthy Patrons, Why are advantageous traits more likely to be passed onto offspring? Fearing the possibility of an assassination attempt by his Gallic allies, Hannibal had a number of wigs made, dyed to suit the appearance of persons differing widely in age, and kept constantly changing them, so that any would-be assassins wouldn't recognize him. Discovering the human blood groups, Which of these effect is NOT caused by Aethelflaeds skills? 1776, Who was the first Emperor of Rome? For the winter, Hannibal found comfortable quarters in the Apulian plain. The war in Italy settled into a strategic stalemate. Polybius merely says that he was accused of cruelty by the Romans and of avarice by the Carthaginians. So he laid siege to the city, which fell after eight months. Tunisia's home and away kit for the 2022 FIFA World Cup was inspired by the Ksour Essef cuirass, a piece of body armor believed to be worn by Carthaginian soldiers under the command of Hannibal. At one point, it seemed that Hannibal was on the verge of victory, but Scipio was able to rally his men, and his cavalry, having routed the Carthaginian cavalry, attacked Hannibal's rear. For the latter there is, we believe, no more ground than that at certain crises he acted in the general spirit of ancient warfare. He also used citizen support to change the term of office in the Hundred and Four from life to a year, with none permitted to "hold office for two consecutive years. Yi Seong-Gye, Who founded the joseon dynasty? [110] According to Polybius 23, 13, p.423: It is a remarkable and very cogent proof of Hannibal's having been by nature a real leader and far superior to anyone else in statesmanship, that though he spent seventeen years in the field, passed through so many barbarous countries, and employed to aid him in desperate and extraordinary enterprises numbers of men of different nations and languages, no one ever dreamt of conspiring against him, nor was he ever deserted by those who had once joined him or submitted to him. After the war, Hannibal successfully ran for the office of sufet. [117], The teenaged Sigmund Freud regarded Hannibal as a "hero"; the founder of psychoanalysis portrays an idealized image of the Carthaginian general in his analysis of his "dreams of Rome" in The Interpretation of Dreams. Ask a Question Answers sharpknifeedge Answered: Hannibal Did this help? [13], Due to his origin and connection with the territory belonging to modern-day Tunisia, he is widely revered as a national hero in the Arab nation.[116]. Scipio retreated across the Trebia to camp at Placentia with his army mostly intact. Hannibal's vision of military affairs was derived partly from the teaching of his Greek tutors and partly from experience gained alongside his father, and it stretched over most of the Hellenistic World of his time. This eliminated the Roman numerical advantage by shrinking the combat area. Add your answer Provide a path for salvation: Which commander is nicknamed the Father of Conquest? No battle in history is a finer sample of tactics than Cannae. What is the capital of the Republic of Chile? [25] However, Rome, fearing the growing strength of Hannibal in Iberia, made an alliance with the city of Saguntum, which lay a considerable distance south of the River Ebro, and claimed the city as its protectorate. He crossed without opposition over both the Apennines (during which he lost his right eye[48] because of conjunctivitis) and the seemingly impassable Arno, but he lost a large part of his force in the marshy lowlands of the Arno.[49]. Coal, Ashoka the Great was the king of which Ancient Indian kingdom? In 218 BC, Hannibal attacked Saguntum (modern Sagunto, Spain), an ally of Rome, in Hispania, sparking the Second Punic War. [60] The Romans deprived Hannibal of a large-scale battle and instead assaulted his weakening army with multiple smaller armies in an attempt to both weary him and create unrest in his troops. He was never able to bring about another grand decisive victory that could produce a lasting strategic change.