festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet

He then said: The E then took the S into the secretary's office where he had previously waited and where the next S was waiting. Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? The favor was to take the place of the research assistant, who was supposed to prepare subjects for the experiment by giving them a positive attitude toward it. <>stream After completing the tasks, the participants were asked to persuade another student (who were already informed of the experiment confederates) into agreeing to participate. This study involved 71 male students from Stanford University, of which 11 students were disqualified. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. Half of them were offered $1 to do it, and half of them were offered $20. Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______. Scott, W. A. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. His data, however did not support this idea. <> Festinger, L. (1957). /Size 61 Kenneth Boulding, an economist and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, described a pattern that relates to cognitive dissonance. How do we explain this? In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. [1] The experiment reported here was done as part of a program of research supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to the senior author. %PDF-1.7 % A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. The behavioral component of prejudice is______. In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in, The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the, Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because, of the extreme effect it was having on the participants, Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? ---------------------References: endobj /ImageC Some have already been discussed. The participants were interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate the experiment in four areas (Cognitive Dissonance). Results of the experiment showed that even though the tasks were indeed boring and uninteresting, the unpaid control group rated the activity a negative 0.45 (-0.45). The results are weakly in line with what one would expect if the dissonance were somewhat reduced in this manner. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: The difference between the One Dollar condition and the Twenty Dollar condition (-.25) reaches only the .15 level of significance (t = 1.46). 60 0 obj anything important? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell the next participant how exciting the experiment turning knobs was, which group reported on a follow-up questionnaire the most satisfaction in their knob-turning experience?, The "A" in the "ABCs" of attitudes is, refer to beliefs and . The One Dollar condition is higher than the other two. While the S was working on these tasks the E sat, with a stop watch in his hand, busily making notations on a sheet of paper. startxref Alex, who is in the honors program, failed to do his share of the work on the group project with his four classmates. Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. At the close of the interview the S was asked what he thought the experiment was about and, following this, was asked directly whether or not he was suspicious of anything and, if so, what he was suspicious of. While it is true that the experiment took place in the 50s, the results are still being recognized up to this date. participants were paid $1 and the other half was paid $20. Sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, ion. 2. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. Scott, W. A. You tell your roommate she probably would not have said that if she had attended class the day the instructor discussed the topic of. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. Participants were asked, "Would you please tell the next subject in line that the experiment was fun and enjoyable?" The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." endobj Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. }. Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? 5. Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about. The data from 11 of the 71 Ss in the experiment had to be discarded for the following reasons: 1. The S worked at this task for another half hour. ] More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. (Boulding, 1969) Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. When the S arrived for the experiment on "Measures of Performance" he had to wait for a few minutes in the secretary's office. The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. Like in every other study, there are some responses that are deemed to be invalid. If the results of our experiment are to be taken as strong corroboration of the theory of cognitive dissonance, this possible alternative explanation must be dealt with. 1. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. _______ occurs when people begin to think that it is more important to maintain a group's cohesiveness than to objectively consider the facts. the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? In this study, research participants were asked to spend an hour completing boring tasks (for example, repeatedly loading spools onto a tray). It shows people will do anything to fit in with the group. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. In groupthink, members of the group______. x]#q/`aC+Khiflm( bc@'QV-a7:o1O7y?wo7.b7F^pZ{e>8_wonz&T=PJe~xw_}ba\ZXH%ll7qAa;;M?3)8T.Vw_G[H}FYc8svcf0w_~7],+g~aEo~}8/q'f. & JANIS, I.L. 3. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs. 0000001089 00000 n In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? Don't see what you need? Actually this finding by Kelman is consistent with the theory we will outline below but, for a number of reasons is not conclusive. dissonance, and as a result, they would rate the task as less The Scientific Importance of the Experiment. More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. You don't need our permission to copy the article; just include a link/reference back to this page. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. What happens to a person's private opinion if he is forced to do or say something contrary to that opinion? Why are black people stopped by police more than white people? What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? To study this, Festinger and Carlsmith performed an experiment using seventy-one male students at . But other factors would enter also. In conclusion, people, when persuaded to lie without being given enough justification, will perform a task by convincing themselves of the falsehood, rather than telling a lie. This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. 59 0 obj Festinger and Carlsmith further concluded, based off the the control group, that those who were only paid $1 felt that they were forcing themselves to explain how "enjoyable" of a task this was when in reality it was not. From this point on they diverged somewhat. hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS In the Latane and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when______. The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. After the debate, students expressed beliefs closer to their debate position than before (Scott, 1957). When experimenters asked later for the truth, the highly paid subjects said the experiment was actually boring. An experiment by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) brought cognitive dissonance theory to the attention of American social psychologists. Initially, subjects will be told that they will be participating in a two-hour experiment. Eddie has made the _________. In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task . Their attitudes changed to fit their behavior, reducing the uncomfortable feeling of dissonance. Which event or moment has the greatest effect on the author's decision to protest? Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do. enjoyable than the others would. If you need instructions for turning off common ad-blocking programs, click here. Mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people are called________. What is more, as one might expect, the percentage of subjects who complied increased as the size of the offered reward increased. Group B was given introduction by an experimenter, presenting the tasks in an interesting and enjoyable tone. It is clear from examining the table that, in all cases, the Twenty Dollar condition is slightly higher The differences are small, however, and only on the rating of "amount of time" does the difference between the two conditions even approach significance. /Resources 50 0 R Psychol., 1954, 49, 211-218. [p. 208] In the Twenty Dollar condition, where less dissonance was created experimentally because of the greater importance of the consonant relations, there is correspondingly less evidence of dissonance reduction. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. Sarah found her soul mate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. 0000011828 00000 n Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. Please select the correct language below. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). Oct. 2011. Write to Dr. Dewey at [email protected]. The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups. One other point before we proceed to examine the data. OP>$O '@n#}  C One might expect: that, in the Twenty Dollar condition, having been paid more, they would try to do a better job of it than in the One Dollar condition. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson Patrick is very proud of his Irish heritage and thinks of himself as an Irish American. ________ describes the situation in which people attend to the content of a message. This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. Abused children grow up to become abusers about one third of the time. Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . It enabled us to measure the opinions of our Ss in a context not directly connected with our experiment and in which we could reasonably expect frank and honest expressions of opinion. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity.