famous biological psychologists famous biological psychologists

Miller has also been at the forefront of developing the new field of evolutionary consumer psychology, which basically uses the logic of sexual selection to explain many features of modern consumer society, by linking them with high social status in males as a marker of reproductive success. He received his bachelors degree in physics in 1957 and his masters degree in psychology in 1959, both from the University of Washington. Schrger was born in Munich, Germany, in 1958. Included is 4 pins within a theme. Moreover, he rejects the ideal of rationality usually associated with the social sciences, pointing out that such ideals themselves derive from particular historically and culturally bound structures. He is currently Professor Psychology at the University of Virginia and at the University of Utah, as well as the Joseph R. Smiley Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of Illinois-Champaign/Urbana and a Senior Scientist with the Gallup Organization. Flow is Csikszentmihlyis term for the positive feelings associated with the experience of being completely absorbed in a task. First, there are deferring styles of religious coping, with an emphasis on surrender to Gods will; second, there are self-directing styles, in which the individual essentially recruits God to his or her own purposes; and third, there are collaborative styles, in which God becomes a partner in the individuals life project. [13] Another feature of this work was his notion of a consequential region of a sampling space, which is somewhat analogous to Roschs notion of a basic level of objects in peoples innate categorization schemes (see the entry on Rosch, above). Wundt, better known as the father of psychology, has made unique contributions in the field of cognitive psychology. She has also been deeply involved in developing new methods for studying the emotions, notably the experience sampling method, which is an effort to quantify and measure the quality of everyday life. He received his bachelors degree in philosophy in 1985 from Yale University, and his Ph.D. in psychology in 1992 from the University of Pennsylvania. Davidson was born in New York City in 1951. In working with his patients, Beck came to believe that it was their distorted view of reality-their inability to understand the objective causes and effects operating in the concrete situations facing themthat lay at the root of their psychological suffering. In this chapter, we extend this discussion to include the theoretical and methodological . One of the earliest textbooks in the new field, The Principles of Psychology by William James (1890), argues that the scientific study of psychology should be grounded in an understanding of biology: Bodily experiences, therefore, and more particularly brain-experiences, must take a place amongst those conditions of the mental life of which Psychology need take account. After all, we humans cannot help being curious about ourselves-about what makes us tickand these 50 individuals are acknowledged experts in precisely that topic. More specifically, Sternberg has postulated that broad-spectrum human intelligence consists of three main components or modules: Sternberg later developed the Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test to measure this broader range of intelligence. His father was an immigrant to Canada from Poland, while his mother hailed from Ukraine. In 2000, he received the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award for lifetime achievement from the American Psychological Association(APA). His early work in psycholinguistics is too complex to go into here, but in a nutshell, he worked out through painstaking observations on young children some of the ways in which the verbal morphology of a childs native language is inferred from the limited examples available to it. It should also be noted that philosopher Hannah Arendts thesis of the banality of evil[14] and psychologist Stanley Milgrams experiments on obedience to authority[15] both corroborate Zimbardos results. He is currently the James B. Duke Professor of Psychology and Behavioral Economics at Duke Universitys Fuqua School of Business. Together with John Tooby, Cosmides co-founded and co-directs the Center for Evolutionary Psychology at UC-Santa Barbara. Ariely, who is the founder of a number of private for-profit ventures, has become well known beyond the academic world for his best-selling popular books (see below), his TED talks, and his widely read Wall Street Journal advice column. The result was his first book, originally published in 1977, on the different types of meditative techniques that he found there. In The Blank Slate (2002), Pinker widened the discussion to include the ramifications of our inborn biological nature more generally, by looking at the history of the nature/nurture debate and arguing vigorously that since the balance of the scientific evidence weighs heavily in favor of nature, scientists ought to be at the forefront of efforts to ameliorate the human condition. His family fled to the US after the Anschluss in 1938, settling in Brooklyn. Mischel is the author or co-author of some 200 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author or co-author of four books. His dissertation, written under the supervision of Roger N. Shepard, was titled Evolution of the Human Brain through Runaway Sexual Selection. He earned his bachelors degree from Brandeis University in 1954, and his masters degree from Wesleyan University-where he worked with David McClellandin 1956. He received his bachelors degree in psychology in 1976 from McGill University, and his Ph.D. in experimental psychology in 1979 from Harvard University, where he studied under Stephen Kosslyn. As an evidence-based therapy, DBT is considered by many experts to be the most effective treatment available for BPD and allied illnesses. His five categories are: caring; fairness; group loyalty; respect for authority; and purity (sanctity). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. In developing her ideas, she came to characterize male morality as primarily rule-based and focused on the individual as the primary bearer of rights and duties and as the locus of judgments of moral desert; whereas women, she held, reason morally from a care perspective that is primarily concerned with empathy and compassion, and focused on needs, relationships, and group interests. He then makes the more controversial claim that emotional intelligence-the ability to understand ones own and other peoples emotional states in any given situationis equally if not more important than IQ as a predictor of success and happiness, not only in ones interpersonal relations, but also in academic and professional contexts. The primary focus of Dieners research has been in the area of subjective well-being, which is the degree of well-being or happiness that subjects attribute to themselves. Huntington's Disease, a rare inherited neurological disorder whose most obvious symptoms are abnormal body movements and a lack of coordination. He is currently Regents Professor Emeritus of Psychology and Cognitive Science at the University of Arizona. Gilbert was born in 1957. . He is currently Professor of Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania. There are various different approaches to contemporary psychology. 2. Highly informative resources to keep your education journey on track. The author or co-author of several hundred peer-reviewed research articles, Baddeley is the co-author of a prominent textbook, Memory, and has authored, co-authored, or edited numerous other influential volumes in the field. Linehans primary field of research has been borderline personality disorder (BPD). He has described this experience in the following terms: Being completely involved in an activity for its own sake. In more narrowly targeted research, she has studied the effects that first impressions have on interpersonal interactions and how people in organizational hierarchies evaluate each other, as well as the accuracy of the impressions of other people that subjects within such structures form. Lev Vygotsky was a contemporary of some better-known psychologists including Piaget, Freud, Skinner, and Pavlov, yet his work never achieved the same eminence during his lifetime. Kahneman and Tversky felt that rational choice theory was unrealistic, and they set out to develop more empirically adequate models by making the more realistic assumption of bounded rationality. 12. L. "Review of Evans Evolution, ethics and animal psychology. Kurzban has applied similar reasoning to other phenomena such as cooperation, morality, and mate choice (drawing out implications for modern speed dating!). 1. Szokolszky has published numerous peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, both in Hungarian and in English, many with the aim of making her countrymen better acquainted with the discipline of ecological psychology. Csikszentmihlyi has worked almost exclusively in the field of positive psychology-the investigation of the positive human affective states such as pleasure, happiness, joy, love, and creativity. Unlike other subdivisions within biological psychology, the main focus of physiological psychological research is the development of theories that explain brain-behavior relationships rather than the development of research that has translational value. The word psychology literally means the study of the soul (from the Greek: , or psukh). During the 20082009 academic year, Mischel served as President of the Association for Psychological Science(APS). "On the law of effect. He opened the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879. For instance, in a celebrated series of experiments involving the presentation of letters of the alphabet to a subject, Posner determined that physically determining whether two letters match has the shortest RT (= the easiest task in terms of computational resources), while applying a rule to determine whether two letters belong to the same category (e.g., vowel vs. consonant) has the longest RT (= the most difficult task), with name matching falling in the middle. For example, in a clinical setting the Posner cueing task may be employed to assess attention deficits in a subject following brain injury. Asch, Solomon - Conformity Experiment. This advance in our understanding had profound implications, not only for developmental psychology, but also for the study of language acquisition, general learning, memory, socialization, and many other important psychic phenomena (for example, see the discussion of the nature/nurture controversy in the entry for Alison Gopnik, above). A Class Divided Study Conducted By: Jane Elliott. Goleman was born in Stockton, California, in 1946. Note the studied equivocation in this formulation regarding the ontological status of the perceived world structure (one might well wonder what the point of such a close mapping might be, if perceived world structure did not in turn map closely onto real world structure). Pargament is the author or co-author of around 175 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author or editor of five books. Gilligan is the author or co-author or some 100 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of nine academic books, as well as a novel. As a student of Cosmides, Kurzban belongs to the second generation of evolutionary psychologists (on evolutionary psychology, see the entry for David M. Buss, above). Leibniz believed that mind and body are separate but that their activities directly parallel each other. Beck was also an important contributor to the theory of learned helplessness. Baddeley was born in Leeds, in the UK, in 1934. "Be content with what you have. He is also Director of Research at Mindlab International, an internationally recognized neuromarketing firm. This is largely because many of his writing remained inaccessible to the Western world until quite recently. Kahneman was born in 1934 in Tel Aviv, in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine and is today the State of Israel. Ariely was born in New York City in 1967 to an Israeli family living there temporarily. He has received numerous awards, grants, fellowships, honorary degrees, and visiting professorships, and acts as an editorial board member or reviewer for around 60 professional journals. In particular, he has studied subjects ability to manipulate in their imagination representations of three-dimensional objects projected onto a plane-a task called mental rotation. Bjork, D. W. (1991). He is the inventor of the Shepard tone, which is an auditory illusion somewhat analogous to the well-known visual illusions (such the Kanizsa triangle). Tavris is the author, co-author, or editor of some 10 books, as well as the author or co-author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, books reviews, op-ed pieces, essays, and other popular writings. Likewise, the injection of 2-deoxyglucose prior to some behavioral task can be followed by anatomical localization of that chemical; it is taken up by neurons that are electrically active. Subsequent empirical research has confirmed that these two abilities are supported by different regions of the brain. Albert Bandura | Social Psychology Bandura was born in Mundare, Alberta, Canada, in 1925. He found that character traits are relatively buffered from any lasting effects of early traumatic experiences, and indeed are quite stable across the entire life cycle. As a result of his decades of research on infants, Meltzoff stresses the importance of infant imitation for laying the proper foundations for the normal development of our very humanity: They have a hand, you have a hand and they recognize the similarity and thats the initial bridge between self and other that gives rise, when theyre older, to a feeling of empathy for others and caring for others.[7]. He is the recipient of many grants, fellowships, awards, lectureships, editorships, and honorary degrees. He concludes with a list of seven crucial factors present in such situations, including notably anonymity and diffusion of personal responsibility. In particular, he is closely associated with the concept of flow. In addition to The Social Animal, Aronson has authored, co-authored, or edited some two dozen books aimed at popular and academic audiences, as well as an autobiography and a work of fiction for children. Some, like Descartes, proposed physical models to explain animal and human behavior. On experimental and theoretical grounds, Tulving predicted that two distinct modules must exist within the overarching memory system: episodic memory, which is our ability to remember faces, places, objects, and so on that are familiar to us, as well as events that have occurred to us in the past; and semantic memory, which is our ability to recall linguistically mediated facts, such as names and dates, meanings of words and concepts, historical events, and so forth. Mischel is most closely associated with the claim, originally made in his 1968 book Personality and Assessment, that personality traits are highly context-dependent, and that the notion there is a stable personality which manifests uniformly over time and across varied social contexts, as previously believed, is a myth. [5] He received his bachelors degree with first-class honors from the University of Westminster, and his doctorate in experimental psychology from the University of Sussex, both in the UK. Rutter pointed to many other factors besides the quality of mothering that may have a demonstrable influence on healthy psychological development, including genetic endowment, the wider family, the school, and various other social, institutional, and ecological environments. Our first conclusion, then, is that a certain amount of brain-physiology must be presupposed or included in Psychology.[8]. In 2006, she founded her own immersive virtual reality laboratory at the University of Neuchtel. The recipient of a large number of awards, grants, fellowships, consultancies, board membership appointments, invited lectureships, and honorary degrees, as well as numerous presentations, lectures, talks, and radio and television interviews directed towards popular audiences, Zimbardo is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA), the American Psychological Society (APS), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS). He emigrated to the US in 1956, at the age of 22. This theory was developed in part based on research by physiologist Ivan Pavlov on classical conditioning. The recipient of grants, awards, lectureships, honorary degrees, and other honors too numerous to mention, Loftus is a Member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He earned his bachelors degree in 1976 from the University of Texas at Austin, and his Ph.D. in 1981 from the University of California, Berkeley. Tomasello has been elected a fellow of the national academies of science of Germany, Hungary, and Sweden. The Posner cueing task enables very precise measurement of reaction times using a special visual field chart he developed that interacts with the EOG device. Meltzoff is the author or co-author of more than 150 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and has co-authored or edited four books, including three in collaboration with Alison Gopnik (see above). A chemical receptor agonist facilitates neural activity by enhancing or replacing endogenous neurotransmitters. Theme: SPACE - A blend of the SCIENCE set (nerdy astronomy / university student pins) and science fiction with the overlying theme of aliens . New York: Basic Books, 1969; idem, Attachment and Loss, Vol. According to the theory, many common IQ tests themselves fail to distinguish adequately between linguistic intelligence (verbal fluency), logico-mathematical intelligence (numeracy), and spatial intelligence (the ability to manipulate 2- and 3-D shapes), while several other types of intelligence are not measured at all by standard tests, including kinesthetic intelligence (athletic ability), interpersonal intelligence (social/emotional skill), intrapersonal intelligence (self-knowledge), and aesthetic intelligence (artistic/musical ability). Cognitive psychology is mainly concerned . Gilligans early work-first published in 1982 in her landmark book, In a Different Voice-was later developed by her, and by philosophers such as Nel Noddings, Virginia Held, Sara Ruddick, and others, into an entirely new branch of moral philosophy known as the ethics of care, which many consider to be an essential complement to, if not a substitute for, the traditional, male-oriented ethics of justice. In 1995, Shepard received the National Medal of Science. The specific contours of Seligmans classification scheme have evolved over time, the latest iteration being founded on the classical notion of well-being, or flourishing, published in his 2011 book, Flourish. He obtained his masters degree in psychology in 1955 and his Ph.D. in psychology in 1959, both from Yale University. He is currently the David Starr Jordan Professor Emeritus of Social Science in Psychology at Stanford University. Today, he is Professor of Psychology (with a joint appointment in Computer Science) at Carnegie Mellon University. The recipient of many awards and honors, Damon has received grants supporting his research from such prestigious organizations as the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the John Templeton Foundation. With a citation h-index that puts him in the 95th percentile of all scientists working in the biomedical field, Berridge has won many honors, including (in 2011) election as Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and (in 2016) receipt of the Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award bestowed by the American Psychological Association(APA). Monday is dedicated to providing the best educational project management solution. This was a highly significant observation for at least two reasons: first, it provided a kind of empirical confirmation that Bayesian networks really do capture something important about scientific reasoning; and, second, it powerfully demonstrated that babies are already capable of employing far more sophisticated methods of discovery than one might have imagined absent such evidence. Biological Approach By Dr. Saul McLeod, updated 2015 Biological psychology, also called physiological psychology, is the study of the biology of behavior; it focuses on the nervous system, hormones and genetics. He obtained his Ph.D. the following year from the same university, where he worked under the supervision of Arthur L. Benton. It was there that she worked closely with developmental psychologists Erik Erikson and Lawrence Kohlberg. The question then, is how do these separate and entirely different aspects of living beings, the mind and the body, relate? Studying relations between mind and body can greatly inform our understanding of . The first school of psychology was developed by a German philosopher, Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (1832-1920). After his military service in the Israeli Defense Forces, Kahneman went to the US, where he received his Ph.D. in psychology in 1961 from the University of California, Berkeley. 2748. Functional neuroanatomy is the method in which the expression of some anatomical marker is taken to reflect neural activity. Ekmans field of expertise is nonverbal communication in humans, especially the communication of emotions through facial expressions. Schmid Mast has published over 100 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters during the past 10 years alone (20072017), and is the author or co-editor of three books. Schmid Masts research has centered on how individuals in dominance hierarchies interact with one other, both how they perceive their social interaction partners-above them, below them, and on the same hierarchical level with themand how they communicate, both verbally and non-verbally. Traditional economic theory had always assumed that human beings are rational actors, which means they can generally be relied upon to act in ways they perceive as furthering their own best interests. He received his bachelors degree in social relations in 1965 at Harvard College, where he came into contact with Erik Erikson. view) that involves certain assumptions (i.e. 3. Schmidt Mast has also made pioneering use of technology to investigate interpersonal behavior and communication, as well as to analyze nonverbal behavior in social interactions. The field of criminology draws on various disciplines including psychology, philosophy, social anthropology, biology, and law. Roger Sperry 1913-1994 American psychologist who received the Nobel prize in 1981 for his pioneering research on brain specialization in split-brain patients. His doctoral dissertation on the subject of language acquisition was supervised by Susan Carey. Szokolszky has also studied pathologies of the mental capacity for playing with make-believe objects, as in autism. It is now considered a classic piece of literature in psychology. . Her findings are quite general and apply to hierarchical organizations of all sorts; for example, her work has elucidated ways in which physician-patient communication may influence clinical outcomes. [11] Using these two foundational principles in an argument, one may deduce that the task of categorization systems is fulfilled (maximum information is obtained with least cognitive effort) if mental categories map the perceived world structure as closely as possible. Moreover, he has used his insights into the way the mind and body work together to develop training programs in other fields of endeavor, such as sports and business. He is currently Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Bowling Green State University. Kagan is the author or co-author of some 450 peer-reviewed journal articles and books chapters, as well as the author, co-author, or editor of more than 30 books. In section 1.2, we discuss the history and development of functionalism and structuralism. Kurzbans own work has been very wide-ranging, drawing on insights from social psychology, cognitive psychology, and experimental economics, in addition to evolutionary theory. (Edge, 2013). Darwin was the father of evolutionary psychology. In Pavlov's famous experiment, he demonstrated classical conditioning by ringing a bell before feeding dogs. Miller has argued that the human brain, whose rapid size increase he believes was due to intense sexual selection pressure, is a Fisherian runaway, and that therefore we should be very careful about the effects of our intelligence on our long-term survival. Kahneman and Tversky made a special study of the irrational bias they called loss aversion-the common feeling that it is better to avoid losing something than it is to gain the same thing. Behavioral economics examines the same subject matter as economicschoice and decision-making under conditions of scarcitybut relaxes the central assumption of mainstream economics, which is that human beings are rational agents who may be counted on to act in their own best interests. (On evolutionary psychology in general, see the discussion under the entry for David M. Buss, above.) Many of his books have appeared in multiple foreign editions, including one (Authentic Happiness) in more than 40 languages! The soul has fled from the cultural battlefield where modern science has carried the day, leaving behind, at best, an ineffable entity we call the mind-which is itself little more than a will-o-the-wisp hovering over the three pounds of pulpy gray matter inside the skull like a ghost lingering about a graveyard long after the funeral. Similarly, males are predisposed to promiscuity (because of the low physiological cost of their gametes) and to intense jealousy (to avoid being duped into giving resources to offspring not genetically related to them), whereas females are predisposed to give the appearance of fidelity (though not necessarily always the reality). Damon was born in Brockton, Massachusetts, in 1944. Studying the effects of brain injuries and mental illnesses in human behavior. He has also been heavily involved in the field of psychological measurement, having helped design a number of widely used tests, including the Childrens Test of Nonword Repetition (CN REP), the Speed and Capacity of Language Processing Test (SCOLP), and the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test(RBMT). Mechanistically, the brain constructs such optimal predictive models by calculating the errors in a stimulus sequence as the difference at each step between the predicted signal and the signal actually received.